1.happen , take place二者都有“发生”的意思。happen指事情的发生,往往带有'偶然'的意思。It happens that I am free today. 恰好今天我没有事。take place指事先安排或策划好而后发生,没有'偶然'的意思。2. must, have tomust表示说话人的主观看法;而have to则表示客观需要。mustn t意为“不可以;不允许”;don t have to意为“不必”。如:(1)My father had to work when he was ten years old。(2)The play is not interesting. I really must go now。3. arrive , reach , get to三者都有“到达”之意。reach为及物动词。They reached Tianjin yesterday.昨天他们到达天津。arrive为不及物动词,后面接介词in或at。get to常用于口语,可代替前二者。4.because , because of二者均表示“因为”because是连词,引导状语从句。We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨,我们呆在家。because of是短语介词,后面接名词性词语。We stayed at home because of the rain .因为下雨,我们呆在家。5. in front of, in the front ofin front of…意思是'在……前面',指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括;其反义词是behind(在……的后面)。如:He walked in fount of me。他走在我的前面。There are some flowers in fount of the house。房子前面有些花卉。in the front of 意思是'在某一空间内的前部',即甲物在乙物的范围之内;其反义词是at the back of…(在……范围内的后部)。如:There is a big desk and a blackboard in the fount of our classroom。我们的教室前边有一张大桌子和一块黑板。Our teacher stands in the fount of the classroom。我们的老师站在教室前6. look , see , watch三者都有“看”的意思。look是看的过程。I looked , but saw nothing . 我看了,但什么也没看见。see是看的结果。see a film看电影see a play看戏(话剧)watch是看移动的事物或定晴地看。watch a football match看足球比赛。watch TV看电视 7. sometime; sometimes; some time; some timessometime是副词,可与过去时或将来时连用,表示'(在过去)某个时候'或'(在将来)某个时候'。如:I saw him sometime in May。some time多数情况下作名词短语,意为'一些时间;一些时候';它还可以作副词词组,用来表示一个未肯定的时刻,此时它可与sometime互换。如:I ll be away for some time。sometimes是一个表示时间频率的副词,意为'有时候'。如:Sometimes I help my mother with the housework。some times是'几次、几倍'之意。如:They have been there several times。8. how long, how often, how far, how soonhow long意为'多久、多长时间',主要是对一段时间进行提问,答语通常是(for)three days/weeks/months等时间段,它可用于各种时态。How long do you stay in Beijing every year?每年你在北京住多久?how often意为'多久……次、是否经常',用来提问在某一特定的时间进行某个动作的次数,答语通常是always,usually,often,sometimes,once/twice a day/month等。How often do you get to school very early?你多久早到校一次?how far意为'多远',对距离提问时用。How far is that? 那有多远?how soon意为'还要多久',是对从某个基本时间到将来某动作结束或某动作发生这段时间提问,常用在一般将来时态的句子中,其答语通常是'in + 一段时间'。-How soon can you finish the work? 还要多久你能完成这项工作?-In half an hour. 半小时后。9. agree with,agree to,agree on两者都有“同意”、“赞成”的意思。agree with 后面常接表示人或意见(看法)的名词作宾语。agree with 还有“适合”、“符合”的含义。如:The climate here doesn t agree with him。他不适合这里的气候。agree to 后面一般接表示提议、办法、计划之类的名词作宾语。agree on就…达成一致的意见。10. across , cross, crossing, through, past1)cross 意为“横过, 穿过”为动词,相当于walk(go,run)acrossLook both ways before you cross the road。(2)across意为“横过,穿过”为介词,不作动词,不能作谓语,常放在动词之后,如:go acrossHe walked across the field。(3)through 是介词,含有“从…中间穿越”之意,表示四周含有物体的穿越。The ball went through the window。(4)past既可作形容词也可作副词,做副词时有:“穿过,越过”之意。Will you be going past my house on your way home?(5)crossing意为“渡口,人行横道,(铁路与公路的)交叉点。All the cars should stop before the zebra crossing。11.on,in,with(1)on:表示使用通讯工具、信息或传媒,乘坐交通工具等;I don t want to talk about it on the phone。(2)in:使用语言文字等媒介;Can you speak it in English?(3)with:借助具体的手段或工具。Don t write it with a red pen。12.at,on,inat, on, in三者都可以表示'在……的时候'。(1)at:表示在哪个时刻用;表示时间点。I get up at six o clock in the morning . 我早晨六点起床。(2)On:表示在哪一天,哪一天的早上(下午、晚上);on Wednesday , on Sunday morning , on May I , on a cold morning in 1936(3)in:表示在哪一年(季、月),在上午,下午等。in September , in the morning , in the afternoon13.few, a few; little , a little虽然都表示“少”,但·few, a few是可数的, little, a little是不可数的。·a few, a little含肯定意味,few, little含否定意味。(1) They have a little ink, don t they?他们有一点墨水,是吗?(2)They have little ink, do they?他们几乎没有墨水,是吗?(3)She has a few Chinese friends, doesn t she?他有几位中国朋友,是吗?(4)She has few Chinese friends, does she?他几乎没有几位中国朋友,是吗?(5)She has a little dog。她有一只小狗。14.not … until, untilnot … until 直到…才… (主句动词是短暂性动词)(1)He didn t go to bed until his mother came back。。until 一直到… (主句中使用延续性动词)(2)I study hard until it is midnight every day。 15. spend, pay, cost, take(1)Sb. Spend … on sth. 某人花了…(时间、金钱)在某事上。I spend ten yuan on the book。。(2)spend (in) doing sth. 某人花了…(时间、金钱)做某事。She spent two hours in drawing the house。(3)Sb. pay …for …sth. 某人为某物花了…钱。I paid 50 yuan for the clothes。(4)Sth. cost sb. … 某物花了某人…钱。It cost us five dollars。(5)It takes/took sb. … to do sth. 花了某人…(时间、金钱)做某事。It takes us ten minutes to brush my teeth every day。16.too much, too many, much tootoo much + 不可数名词 too many + 可数名词 much too + 形容词、副词(1)There is too much milk in the basket。(2) She ate too many biscuits yesterday morning。(3) He runs much too quickly。(4) The chair is much too expensive。17.after , in(1)After+时间段 表达过去一段时间以后,常用于过去时态的句子;I received the letter after two days .我是两天以后收到这封信的。(2)After+时间点 表示将来一段时间以后,用于将来时态的句子。He will arrive after four o clock 。(3)in+时间段 以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。You will receive the letter in three days .你三天以后将收到这封信。18.ago , before(1)ago立足于现在,表示从现在起,若干时间之前;ago 通常与一般过去时连用,不能与完成时连用;I met him three years ago 。(距今)三年前,我遇到他。(2)before立足过去,表示从过去某一时刻起,若干时间以前。before通常与过去完成时连用。I had met him three years before 。(距当时)三年前我见到他一次。19.alone, lonelyalone是表语形容词,只能作表语用。Though I am alone, I am not lonely。虽然我孤独一人,但我并不感到寂寞。lonely除了有'孤独的'意思外,还有'寂寞的'意思。另外说明特点时还有“人迹稀少的”、“荒凉的”意思。He was taken to a lonely house . 他被带到一个荒无人烟的房子内。20.also , either , too , as wellalso用于肯定句. You study English and I also study it。你学英语,我也学。either用于否定句,并放在句尾;You don t study English and I don t study it either。你不学英语,我也不学。too和as well 用于肯定句,放在句尾,多用于口语。例如:You are a student and I am a student, too.你是学生,我也是。You know the way and I know it as well.你知道路,我也知道。21.as,when,whileWhen:可与一个点的时间或表示一段的时间连用,从句动词可以是短暂性或延续性动词。从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时,也同先于主句的动作。Whentheteachercamein,thestudentsstoodup。当老师进来时,学生们起立。While:只指一段时间,不能指一点时间。因此while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,主句和从句的动作同时发生。Don ttalkwhileyouareeating。吃饭时你不要说话。As:主句和从句的动作同时发生,有时可译作“一边……,一边”。22.begin,start二者均可表示“开始”一般可以通用,但start较为口语化。Ithasbegun(started)raining。已经开始下雨了。start还可表示“动身”、“开动”等意思,而begin则不能这样用。例如:TheystartforBeijingtomorrow。他们明天动身去北京。23.date,daydate指'日期'。What sthedatetoday?今天几号?day指'星期几',指二十四小时的一整天;也单指白天;也指重要的日子。Whatdayistoday?今天星期几?Therearesevendaysinaweek。一周有七天。NationalDay国庆节24.besides,except,exceptfor,but“除……之外”besides的意思是'除…之外,还有…'是肯定的;包括,besides后面的宾语在内,含有'加上'的意思。Ihavethreeotherpensbesidesthis。除了这支笔外,我还有另外三支笔。except(but)的意思是'除……之外,没有…'是否定的;不包括except后的宾语在内,含有'减去'的意思。but用于'除了'之意时,只能用于noone,nobody,nothing,all,everyone,everything等词之后。Everybodyishereexcept(but)Mary。除了Mary之外,大家都来了。except for的用法是在说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以纠正。except for有时可以与except互换,表示'除了……之外',但位于句首时,不可以和except互换。例如:Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforsomespellingmistakes。除了有几个拼写错误之外,你的作文很好。besides意为'除了……之外,还有'except意为'除了……之外',but用于'除了'之意时,只能用于noone,nobody,nothing,all,everyone,everything等词之后。25.bring,take,fetchbring是'带来'。例如:Don t forget to bring adictionary with you。别忘了把辞典带来。take是'带去'。例如:Please take the small blackboard to the classroom请把这块小黑板带到教室去。fetch是'去取','去拿来'。例如:Please fetch me some chalk。26.borrow,lend二者都有'借'的意思。borrow是'借入',lend是'借出'。例如:Can I borrow your pen?我可以借你的钢笔吗?Lend me your pen,will you?把钢笔借给我用用,可以吗?27.finally,at last,in the end它们都有'最后'、'终于'的含义。但用法不同。finally用于动词之前,表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了。He tried many times and finally succeeded。他试验了多次,最后成功了。at last也有此义,但期待的感情更强烈一些。At last he has understood it。最后他终于明白了这个。in the end表示经过许多变化或周折,最后发生了某事。例如:We made several different plans for our holiday, but in the end we had a summer campagain。我们制定了好几种不同的度假方案,但最后我们还是选定了再来一次夏令营活动。28.find,look for,find out二者都有“寻找”的意思。find是look for的结果。What are you looking for?你在找什么?look for是find之前的寻找过程。Have you found your pen?你找到你的钢笔了吗?Find out 指经过一番努力最终找到。I found out she was wrong。我发现她错了。29.join,take part in,join in二者都有“参加”的意思。join多指参加某组织、党派或社会团体,成为其中的一个成员。He joined the League in1985.他在1985年入团。joinin参加正在进行的竞赛、娱乐、谈话等活动。如:join us in the match;take part in指参加活动、群众性活动或会议,并在其中起一定作用。The old man took part in the Long March。这位老人参加过长征。30.dress , have sth. on , wear , put on它们都有'穿'、'戴'的意思。但用法不同。have sth. on表示穿戴的状态。He had a straw hat on . 他戴了一顶草帽。wear表示穿戴的状态。She likes to wear the light green dress .她喜欢穿浅绿色的衣服。put on表示穿戴的动作.You d better put on your overcoat before going out 。出门之前你最好穿上大衣。dress既表动作也表状态。The mother is dressing her baby .母亲正给她的婴儿穿衣服。31.take care of, look aftertake care意为“注意”,“当心”,“留心”。可以单独使用,也可以跟不定式或that从句。Take care!The ice is thin。当心!冰很薄。take care of意为“照顾”,“照料”,侧重于负有责任这一层意思,后面的宾语从句可以是人,也可以是某物,比较口语化。Please take care of my house。请照看一下我的家。look after 一般情况下可替换take care of,在意思上强调看管或照料,其宾语可以是物,但多数情况下是人或动物。Will you look after my dog?请照看一下我的狗好吗?32.whether,if这两个连词都作“是否”解,引导宾语从句时,两者通常可以互换。但在下列几种情况下,不可用if 代替whether。1)当whether 与or not连成词组时。I don t know whether or not they will come for our help。我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。2)whether 用在不定式前面时。She hasn t decided whether to go or not。她还没有决定去还是不去。3)whether引导的从句放在句首时。Whether this is true or not,I can t say。这是不是真的,我不说(或我说不准)33.either ,either…or, neither, neither…nor, both …andeither其意为“两者中的任何一个”。There are many shops on either side of the street. 街道两边有许多商店。either用在否定句的句末,表示'也'的意思。If you don t go there, I won t, either.如果你不去那里,我也不去。either...or.。。意为'或者……或者……;不是……就是……'之意。表示两者之一,连接句子中两个并列的成分。either...or.。。连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们通常说的'就近原则'。Either you or I am going there tomorrow。明天要么你去那里,要么我去那里。neither作主语,表示“两者中没有一个”。Neither of them likes football. 他们俩都不喜欢足球。neither...nor.。。表示“既不……也不……”。其含义是否定的,可连接任意两个并列的成份。She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。当neither...nor.。。连接两个主语时,也应遵循“就近原则”。例如:Neither dad nor mum is at home today.今天父母都不在家。若将neither...nor.。。句型变为肯定句,只需把neither...nor.。。改为both...and.。。即可,同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。例如:Both dad and mum are at home today.今天父母都在家。34.have sb.do,have sb. or sth. doing,have sth. donehave sb.do 作'使某人做某事'解,have 后作宾语补足的不定式通常不带 to。have sb./sth.doing 与 have sb.do 的意思大致相同,只是现在分词作宾补强调动作在进行,而不定式作宾补只表示发生了某件事。试比较下面两个句子:The boss had his workers working all day long。那老板让工人们整天(不停地)干活。The boss had his workers work fourteen hours a day。那老板让工人们一天干14小时的活。在 have sb.or sth.doing 结构中,have 如被否定,往往作“允许”、“容忍”解。如:I won t have you saying such things。我不允许你讲这样的话。have sth.done 作“(有意识地)让别人替自己做某事”解,过去分词表示的动作赏由别人完成,宾语是过去分词所表示地动作的承受者。还可批无意识的被动行为,have 作“受到、遭受”解。如:I had my pen stolen。我的钢笔被人偷了。35.hear,hear of,hear fromhear 和hear of 都可解作“听说”,hear 后面接宾语从句。hear 还可作“听见”,“听到”解,后面可以接名词,代词+不带to的不定式(或分词)的复合结构。I heard him just now。我刚才听到了他说话。I heard him singing in the next room。我听见他在隔壁房间里唱歌。hear of后面接名词,代词或动名词。I have heard of him。我听人提到过他。hear from意为“收到……的信”,“得到……消息”。例如:How often do you hear from your father?你每隔多久收到你父亲的信?注意:hear from的主语是“人”,而不是“信”。