如何打破象牙贸易僵局
Poaching for ivory has caused a steep decline in African elephant populations over the past decade .
过去几十年里，非法猎取象牙导致了非洲象数量的急剧减少。
This crisis has fueled a contentious global debate over which ivory policy would best protect elephants: banning all ivory trade or enabling regulated trade to incentivize and fund elephant conservation.
这一危机引发了全球对象牙政策的持续讨论：应该禁止所有的象牙贸易还是鼓励规范的贸易来为大象的保育筹措资金。
The deep-seated deadlock on ivory policy consumes valuable resources and creates an antagonistic environment among elephant conservationists.
象牙政策的长期僵局消耗了珍贵的资源，也在大象保育学家们中间建立起一种敌意的气氛。Successful solutions must begin by recognizing the different values that influence stakeholder cognitive frameworks of how actions lead to outcomes ，and therefore their diverging positions on ivory trade.
成功的解决途径必须从认识到不同价值观开始，这种价值观会影响利益相关人员对行为和后果的认知架构以及他们在象牙贸易上的不同立场。
Based on successful conflict resolution in other areas, we propose an iterative process through which countries with wild elephant populations may be able to understand their differences and develop workable solutions in a less confrontational manner.
根据其他领域成功的冲突解决办法，我们提出了一种分步的程序，通过它拥有大象种群的国家可能会理解到它们的不同之处然后找到一种更和平的有效解决办法。
Many argue that prohibiting all trade in ivory will reduce poaching and protect elephants.
很多人认为全面禁止象牙贸易会减少偷猎，从而保护大象。
Stakeholders who support ivory bans also advocate the destruction of ivory stockpiles and steps to reduce demand for ivory.
支持禁止象牙贸易的人们还主张销毁象牙存货，以及采取措施减少象牙需求。
Kenya and most west and central African countries with wild elephant populations subscribe to this approach.
肯尼亚和大部分拥有大象种群的中西非国家赞同这种做法。
Critics of the prohibition approach argue that trade bans and stockpile destruction have the perverse effect of increasing the ivory price through perceived scarcity, thereby incentivizing further poaching, and that there is limited evidence of successful demand reduction from these actions.
这种禁止做法的反对派们认为禁止贸易和销毁存货会产生相反的效果，因为象牙的短缺会引起象牙涨价，从而进一步助长偷猎行为，而那些减少象牙需求的行动也鲜有成功案例。
Trade bans are also difficult to enforce in countries with poor governance, carry high social costs of enforcement, and limit opportunities to use sustainably managed elephant populations and their ivory to generate funds for conservation and community benefits.
禁止贸易在那些政府无力的国家也很难施行，执行的社会成本过高，也限制了利用可再生的大象种群和它们的象牙来为保育和国家利益做贡献的机会。
An alternative approach proposed for elephant conservation is to allow legal ivory trade through regulated markets, with ivory harvested from animals that die naturally or are killed for other reasons, such as problem animal control.
另一种大象保育的解决办法就是通过规范化的市场允许合法的象牙贸易，被销售的象牙只能从自然或者意外而死亡的大象身上采集。
Revenue from ivory can be used to provide income to rural communities that bear the costs of living with elephants (such as crop raids or attacks on humans), and to fund conservation and development programs.
象牙的税收可以用于给那些跟大象一起生活而遭受损失的农村（庄稼被毁或者人被大象袭击）给予经济补偿，也可以用来资助大象的保育和发展项目。
The southern African countries that advocate this approach—such as South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe—have large elephant populations and lower rates of poaching than other African nations.
支持这一举措的非洲南部国家—例如南非，纳米比亚和津巴布韦—拥有更多的大象种群和比其他非洲国家更低的偷猎率。
Critics of a use-based approach argue that legal sales stimulate demand by implying that purchasing ivory is socially acceptable.
而这种实用派做法的反对者们提出合法销售会暗示人们购买象牙是可以被社会接受认可的，从而刺激对象牙需求。
Legalized trade can also facilitate laundering of illegal ivory, particularly in countries with high levels of corruption that would struggle to regulate a legal trade .
合法贸易也给非法盗猎的象牙洗白提供了温床，尤其是那些腐败问题严重，要规范合法贸易很困难的国家。
We recognize that the politics around ivory policy are challenging, but urge range states to begin a structured process to negotiate the diverse perspectives in this contentious debate as soon as possible, supported by organizations committed to elephant conservation.
我们认识到象牙策略制定的政治是非常具有挑战性的，但是也敦促不同的国家开始在这个持续争论的问题上制定结构化的步骤来谈判人们不同的看法，而这也收到了大象保育组织的支持。Successful navigation of different mental models and the associated values, and the trade-offs they imply, will not only enable greater collective action on elephant conservation, but also provide an example of how to enhance the structured use of evidence in CITES decision-making on other iconic species.
成功地引导不同阶段人们的心理模式和相关价值观，以及传达出背后的反贸易倾向，不仅仅可以鼓励一系列的大象保育行动，还可以为濒危野生动物公约为其他的标志性物种制定决策时如何强调结构化利用提供榜样。