耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌相关危险因素及防治研究进展
洪佳莉 吴军华 邱海燕
[摘要] 碳青霉烯类药物的不合理使用,导致碳青霉烯类药物耐药的菌株数量激增。碳青霉烯类耐药菌株中,耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌占据重要比例。耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯杆菌自1997年被首次报道后,至今在全球多个国家均有报道,有些地区甚至出现了暴发流行。对比前几年细菌耐药监测数据,我国耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯杆菌的检出率呈不断上升趋势。耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌与碳青霉烯类敏感肺炎克雷伯菌相比,具有更高的致死率。本文就流行病学现状、相关危险因素、防治措施方面对耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的研究进展进行综述。
[关键词] 肺炎克雷伯菌;耐碳青霉烯类;危险因素;防治
[中图分类号] R563.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)08-0161-04
Research progress of relevant risk factors of carbapenems-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae and its prevention and treatment
HONG Jiali1 WU Junhua2 QIU Haiyan2
1.The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310051, China; 2.Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Ningbo Women and Childrens Hospital, Ningbo 315012, China; 3.Department of Pediatric Vasculocardiology, Ningbo Women and Childrens Hospital, Ningbo 315012, China
[Abstract] The unreasonable use of carbapenems has led to an explosion in the number of resistant strains of carbapenems. Among carbapenems-resistant strains, carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae accounts for a significant proportion. Carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has been reported in many countries around the world since it was first reported in 1997. Outbreaks have appeared in some areas even. Compared with the previous years, the data of bacterial resistance surveillance showed that the detection rate of carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in China was on an upward trend. Carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has a higher lethality than carbapenems-sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae. In this paper, the progress of studies on the current status of epidemiology, related risk factors, prevention and treatment measures of carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are reviewed.
肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae,KP)臨床检出排名仅次于大肠埃希菌的革兰阴性菌,是重要的条件致病菌之一。机体免疫力低下时,造成呼吸道、泌尿道、皮肤组织等多部位感染[1]。碳青霉烯类抗生素属于非典型β-内酰胺类抗生素,具有对β-内酰胺酶高度稳定及广谱抗菌活性特点,是革兰阴性杆菌严重感染的临床一线药物。但是,由于抗生素的不合理的选择及使用,碳青霉烯类耐药菌株数量激增。继1997年首例耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)被报道[2]。迄今,CRKP在全球多个国家均有报道,有些国家或地区甚至出现了暴发流行[3-5]。与碳青霉烯类敏感KP相比较,CRKP具有更高的致死率。本文将对CRKP的流行病学现状、危险因素及防治措施进行综述。
1 CRKP的流行病学现状
1997年,有研究[2]报道了首例CRKP。目前,CRKP在世界多个国家均有报道,例如美国、英国、新加坡、中国等。2015年中国全国细菌耐药监测网数据统计显示[6],2015年国内共有21个不同地区的CRKP检出率增加,耐药菌株仍主要集中在华东地区。KP对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率平均为7.6%。对比前几年细菌耐药监测数据,我国CRKP检出率呈不断上升趋势[7]。
不同地区CRKP的定植率各有不同。Zarakolu P等[8]对土耳其某家医院2009~2013年CRKP定植及感染情况进行回顾性分析,结果显示CRKP定植率为6.8%(279/4105),其中有8例CRKP定植的患者发生了CRKP血流感染。该研究中定植患者年龄中位数为56.7岁,其中165例为男性。