20190720长难句 / 四六文摘

【昨日回顾】

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.

译文1：这些艰辛的尝试中最著名的一个是由Noam Chomsky所倡导的，他认为人类有一种与生俱来的能掌握通用语法的语言习得能力。

译文2：这些艰辛的尝试中最著名的一个是由Noam Chomsky所提出的，他认为人类有一种与生俱来的语言习得能力，这种能力支配通用语法。

【今日长难句】

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

【结构解析】

1. 首句句子主干为“主系表”结构，即：a few generative rules/ are/ then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language.

2. which is why children can learn it so quickly 为定语从句，其中which引导定语从句，指代逗号之前的整句话。

3. 二句较长，其主干为主谓宾结构，即：the second/ takes / a more empirical approach to universality.

4. by Joshua Greenberg 为插入语，修饰主语the second; identifying traits 为结果状语；（particularly in word order）为插入语修饰traits; shared by many langauges 为后置定语，修饰traits; which are considered to represent biases 为定语从句，修饰traits; that result from cognitive constraints为定语从句，修饰biases.

【词的处理】

generative / ˈdʒenərətiv / adj. 有生产力的；能生产的

sufficient / səˈfiʃnt / adj. 充足的，足够的

unfold / ʌnˈfəuld / vt. 打开，展示

fundamental / ˌfʌndəˈmentl / adj. 重大的，根本的

empirical / imˈpirikl / adj. 经验主义的

approach / əˈprəutʃ / n. 方式，方法

identify / aiˈdentifai / vt. 认出，发现

trait / treit / 特征，特点

represent / ˌrepriˈzent / vt. 代表

bias / ˈbaiəs / n. 偏见

result from 由于

cognitive / ˈkɔɡnətiv / adj. 认知的

constraint / kənˈstreint / n. 限制

【参考译文】

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

一些语言生成规则就足以揭开某种语言的全部基础结构，这就是儿童学习语言如此之快的原因。其次是Joshua Greenberg的（尝试），他采用了更经验主义的方法去研究语言中的普遍性，鉴别出许多语言所共有的特征（尤其是在语序方面），而这些特征被认为代表了认知约束所产生的偏好。

【明日长难句】

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

你的考研动力之一，戳👉考研录取通知书集锦

经验分享，助力你考研上岸

大连理工新闻传播经验分享

跨专业考研上岸上海科技大学计算机专业

上岸中国传媒大学：一篇吐血经验分享

三本三跨，上岸“五院四系”之中南财经政法大学

调剂录取211，政治76：分享我的五轮复习经验

上岸北京印刷学院新闻传播：英语86、专业课141分

逆袭：从三本到南京大学，已立志考博

从二本到北大，城市设计专业，一战成硕

跨专业复试第一：一战录取到北京体育大学健美操专业

来自北大医学部小姐姐的经验分享：不能辜负昨天还在努力的自己