揭秘三星堆起源？
11月18日 很多网友，包括我的群如文明研究院里的 @COEUS&梵 等，都在传一个截屏，并且提出与三星堆的联想。我google到如下英文报道。有人希望翻译一下，有人希望讲解一下我的解释，我干脆就在这个帖子里简单说几句，存个资料吧。
英文报道：《巴基斯坦的新石器时代遗址里的失蜡法金属铸造技术今天的NASA依然在使用》（哇，我这翻译真棒啊，一句话把全篇都概括了，所以后面不用翻译了。英文附后）
（中国3000年前的三星堆青铜器，当时的三星堆的青铜器看来几乎都与祭祀相关。这个物品的含义不外乎表达太阳或时光的乃至生死轮回等。古人不象今天把一切分得很清晰，其实也就是表达个模糊的“好”或“吉祥”而已。）
搞这么一篇公号文，费了我九牛二虎之力，首先是英文文章移不过来，试无数遍，格式不兼容，剪剪贴贴。
然后是为这个地名Mehragarh，实际上是现在都没搞定，只能说大致是同一个地方。它是巴基斯坦的地名，可能有特殊的含义，所以，印度与巴基斯坦叫这个名字或者接近这名字的有许多。一般而言巴基斯坦出名的考古遗址是Mehrgarh,不是Mehragarh。很可能是不同拼法，但现在也没查到是不同拼法，但看来应该是。我不再为此犯傻气儿浪费时间了。欢迎知情者提供更严谨的说法。
Mehrgarh在中国比较著名的翻译之一是 梅尔枷赫，大家百度就知道它的厉害了。https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh
该遗址是大约9000年前到4000年前被一支明显有农业习惯的人群使用的。联想到中国地区，尤其是三星堆的青铜文化是开始于晚商，可以去追究一下背后的气候关系。那边结束了，这边开始了。
我的具体相关看法可以参考以下几个方面：
1） 《我是怎么看三星堆文明起源的》 http://www.ximalaya.com/58144243/sound/21047493 喜马拉雅FM音频，点击文尾 原文链接 可听。
2）拙著《汉字起源新解》解释青铜文明在中国的推进（多看网有）。这本书的重点就是指出了印度河谷可能是对甲骨文影响最重的地区。
（影响中国文明起源的不同层次的范围以及方向等，总体就是西部影响）
3）我整体对中国文明起源的看法，如上图所示，印度河谷对于中国文明起源时期有着举足轻重的影响，这个属于广义的印度河谷的遗址梅尔枷赫就是其中一个 ，中国人一般更熟悉的是其他一些遗址。其实阿富汗、巴基斯坦的许多古遗址文化，包括伊朗的，对于中国文明起源都有着明显的辐射，实际上又可以解释为雅利安人的影响。但我一般所做的朝代与西人的对应，不过是一种“工具”的操练，很多人误以为那就是“结论”，今天距离“真相”可能还远得很。
4）总体，我认为三星堆肯定受到南北两路的影响。但是以印度河谷为核心的地方其实是既有南向也有北向的，南方道路也不尽是靠水，可以穿越一些山路。
5）三星堆的起源肯定受N多方向影响，包括西亚与埃及文明，但具体的，却可以排除与他们的直接联系，应该把注意力放在曼德海峡与波斯湾附近地区。我曾经重点指出过印度河谷直到土耳其一线是重点，但具体是哪里，现在不清楚。这对于很多人，是模糊，但这对于我而言，已经是“很清晰”了，注意我说的“混沌思维”或“模糊思维”。
（一般读者可能更想要的是一个简单粗暴的答案，但可惜历史根本不是那样形成的，所以这决定了我们的“答案”或“真相”本身，可能就是不同的。所以，对于我可能已经是答案，在你们可能那就不叫答案。有些事情是永远不可能有结论的吧，只有芝诺效应下的“阶段”推进。比如从猜测三星堆是外星人所为到否定外星人，就是一个阶段性胜利或“结论”；从本地起源到外来影响，是另外一个更具体的阶段性胜利或“结论”；再从外来到具体哪个方向和地区的影响，又是一个进步。下一步是哪里重点影响了，而非哪里直接是三星堆人的祖先，我相信是这样。）
An ancient amulet has been shown to be the oldest known example of a metalwork technique still used by Nasa.
The 6,000-year-old amulet, originally discovered in the Neolithic village of Mehragarh, Pakistan, is thought to be the earliest example of lost-wax casting - a method for making duplicate metal objects.
The artefact was analysed as part of a new study using a technique known as 'photoluminescence imaging' in order to determine exactly how it was made.
+6 （6000年前的巴基斯坦文物）
The 6,000-year-old amulet, originally discovered in the Neolithic village of Mehragarh, Pakistan, is thought to be the earliest example of lost wax casting - a method for making duplicate metal objects
WHAT IS MEHRAGARH?
Mehragarh is an archaeologial site in Pakistan, located to the west of the Indus River Valley.
It was first discovered in 1974.
It is known as one of the most important archaeological sites from the early Neolithic period.
The area was settled various times between 7000 BC and 2000 BC.
The site was excavated extensively until 1986 and then again from 2000 to 2007.
The area is known for early evidence of farming.
The local population fashioned tools using copper ore.
The amulet, which has the unassuming inventory number of MR.85.03.00.01, is one of a selection of lost-wax cast ornaments found at the site.
This involves shining a light on the artefact and then measuring the amount of light that bounces back. 反光
As different materials reflect different amounts of light, this enabled researchers to pinpoint the exact materials used to make the amulet.
The research was carried out by researchers from Ipanema - a European centre for studying archaeological materials.
The group is based at the SOLEIL synchrotron - a type of particle accelerator, located near Paris, France.粒子加速器啥的都用上了
The process revealed that the amulet was cast as a single piece, leading the researchers to conclude that it was made used a process known as lost-wax casting.
This involves creating a replica of the original object using wax, and then creating a mold around it.
This is then heated up, the liquid wax poured out and molten metal poured in.
Once cool, the mold is broken apart, leaving the newly formed metal object in tact.
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The amulet is one of several lost-wax cast ornaments discovered during the excavation of the site at Mehrgarh。这种物品是护身符，大约直径2厘米。
The study published in Nature, found that the amulet was made by pouring very pure copper melt into a pre-prepared clay mould using lost-wax casting.
The copper absorbed a small amount of oxygen during the processing which explains the presence of microscopic copper oxide 'bristles' inside the amulet.
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High spatial dynamics photoluminescence (PL, top) and optical microscopy (bottom) images of an area of a portion of one spoke of the wheel-shaped amulet. The images reveal microscopic copper oxide bristles that hint at how the artefact was made
6,000-year-old amulet was created with ancient technology used by Nasa
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Lost-cost waxing can be used to produce far more complicated designs that the wheel-shaped amulet.
It is still the most popular method used for art foundry today but its use stretches much further.
'It is also today the highest precision metal forming technique— under the name 'investment casting’—in aerospace, aeronautics and biomedicine, for high-performance alloys from steel to titanium,' explain the researchers.
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The archaeological site at Mehragarh in Pakistan where the amulet was found
+6 遗址地点
The amulet was found at Mehragarh - an archaeologial site in Pakistan, located to the west of the Indus River Valley
The technique has been used to create numerous components used on the International Space Station and the Curiosity Mars rover, as well as Nasa's now-defunct space shuttle.
The process was also used to create parts of the Messenger spacecraft, which orbited Mercury between 2011 and 2015.
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A modern version of the technique - known as 'investment casting' - has been used to produce numerous components on the Curiosity Mars Rover (illustration pictured), the international space station and various spacecraft
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3941630/6-000-year-old-amulet-created-ancient-technology-used-Nasa-today.html#ixzz4QMLWTjrx
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