一起来历劫 | 四六级 Day21
-Wednesday-
对话框回复“早安”或者“morning"，获取清晨元气满满的英文金句
有书英语共读发起“四六级历劫”计划
三个月带你飞升上神！
真题再现
In particular, attributing poor performance to a lack of ability depresses motivation more than does the belief that lack of effort is to blame. When I told a group of school children who displayed helpless behavior that a lack of effort led to their mistakes in math, they learned to keep trying when the problems got tough. Another group of helpless children who were simply rewarded for their success on easier problems did not improve their ability to solve hard math problems.
These experiments indicated that a focus on effort can help resolve helplessness and generate success. Later, I developed a broader theory of what separates the two general classes of learners-helpless versus mastery-oriented.
（本文节选于2016年12月英语四级考试真题）
attribute
英 [ə'trɪbjuːt] 美 [ə'trɪbjut]
n. 属性；特质
vt. 归属；把…归于
depress
英 [dɪ'pres] 美 [dɪ'prɛs]
vt. 压抑；使沮丧；使萧条
display
英 [dɪ'spleɪ] 美 [dɪ'sple]
n. 显示；炫耀
vt. 显示；表现；陈列
indicate
英 ['ɪndɪkeɪt] 美 ['ɪndɪket]
vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征
generate
英 ['dʒenəreɪt] 美 ['dʒɛnəret]
vt. 使形成；发生；生殖；产生物理反应
separate
英 [(for v.) ˈsepəreɪt; (for adj.) ˈseprət]
美 [(for v.) sɛpəˌret; (for adj.) sɛprɪt]
vt. 使分离；使分开；使分居
vi. 分开；隔开；分居
adj. 单独的；分开的；不同的；各自的；
attribute to
把…归因于
a lack of
缺乏，缺少
lead to
导致；通向
reward for
因…的酬谢；作为…的回报
阅读翻译
尤其是，把表现不好归因于能力问题，要比归因于勤奋不足，更打击人的积极性。我告诉一组无助的小学生，他们的数学不好是因为不够刻苦，后来当他们再遇到难题，就学会了要继续努力。而对于另一组孩子，他们只要解答出简单的题目时，就会得到奖励，但这并没能提升他们解决数学难题的能力。
这个实验表明，专注于努力程度有助于缓解无助感，提升成功率。后来，我扩充了理论，探究学习者无助和精熟导向这两个恶分类的理论基础。
重难点分析
1. In particular, attributing poor performance/ to a lack of ability /depresses motivation /more than/ does the belief /that lack of effort/ is to blame.
尤其是，把表现不好归因于能力问题，要比归因于勤奋不足，更打击人的积极性。
解析： lack用法
1) lack 动词，意思是“缺乏；不足；没有”。作及物动词用。
例如：
She lacked the experience to get the job.
她经验不足，无法获得这份工作。
2) 当它不及物的时候，即是lack for的用法的时候，常常用于否定句。所以这个句子中的for不能省略。还可作“缺乏，短少；不足；需要”，常用进行时，不及物。
例如：
He lacks for nothing.
他什么都不缺。
Something is lacking.
缺少点什么东西。
3) 名词 lack+of＋名词：
例如：
The lack of rain aggravated the serious lack of food.
由于干旱少雨,缺粮问题更加严重。
2. When /I told a group of school children /who displayed helpless behavior/ that a lack of effort /led to /their mistakes /in math, they learned to /keep trying /when the problems /got tough.
我告诉一组无助的小学生，他们的数学不好是因为不够刻苦，后来当他们再遇到难题，就学会了要继续努力。
解析：a group of…作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。如：
1）A group of women were cackling in a corner.
一群妇女在角落大笑。（谓语用复数were）
2）A group of her friends was waiting for her inside.
她的一群朋友在里面等她。（谓语用单数was）
3）A group of girls was [were] waiting at the school gate.
一群女孩子在校门口等着。（谓语用单数和复数was / were）
3. Another group of helpless children /who were simply/ rewarded for /their success /on easier problems/ did not improve /their ability to/ solve hard math problems.
而对于另一组孩子，他们只要解答出简单的题目时，就会得到奖励，但这并没能提升他们解决数学难题的能力。
解析：
本句主语比较长，Another group of helpless children /who were simply/ rewarded for /their success /on easier problems，这都是主语的成分，其中who引导定语从句。
ability, capability和capacity三个名词都有“能力”的意思，区别如下：
1）ability的含义较广，主要指人具有从事体力或脑力劳动的能力，并且暗含能够干好的意味。其复数形式表示“才能，专门技能”，其后常接to do sth.或in / for sth.。
例如：
She has the ability to do the job.
她有能力做好这项工作。
2）capability的含义与ability相似，但它既可以指人，又可以指物。其复数形式常常表示“潜在的能力”，其后接to do sth. / of doing sth. / for sth.。
例如：
He has the capability to complete this job.
他有能力完成这项工作。
3）capacity指人或物的容纳或吸收能力，其后接for sth. / of sth.。
例如：
His capacity for languages is wonderful.
他学语言的能力极好。
4. These experiments indicated that/ a focus on effort /can help resolve/ helplessness and/ generate/ success.
这个实验表明，专注于努力程度有助于缓解无助感，提升成功率。
解析：
focus on的用法：
1）aim（light） directly onto 把（光）在…上聚成焦点
例如：
If you focus bright sunlight on dry wood with a magnifying glass, it will start burning.
用放大镜把强阳光聚焦到干柴上，干柴就会燃烧起来。
2）direct one's thoughts firmly on 思想集中到…上
例如：
We must focus our attention the question of reducing costs．
我们必须把注意力集中到降低成本这个问题上。
3）have as its main point of interest 重点是；中心是
This year our meeting focuses on the question of children's rights．
今年，我们的会议中心议题是儿童的权益。
5. Later, I developed a broader theory of /what separates/ the two general classes of learners-helpless versus mastery-oriented.
后来，我扩充了理论，探究学习者无助和精熟导向这两个恶分类的理论基础。
解析：
develop a theory 发展理论
例句：
Chinese experts can choose from those different conceptions and develop a theory applicable to the Chinese social condition.
我们可以对公民社会的理论和概念作结合中国社会实际的选择和发展。
阅读练习
请选出与原文相关的一项：
A. The author's experiment shows that students with a fixed mind-set believe having to work hard is an indication of low ability.
B. Focusing on effort is effective in helping children overcome frustration and achieve success.
C. We can cultivate a growth mind-set in children by telling success stories that emphasize hard work love of learning.
翻译练习
丽江到处都是美丽的自然风光，为众多的少数民族同胞提供了各式各样，丰富多彩的文化让游客体验。