天坛小儿神外宫剑教授访谈:儿童颅咽管瘤经前纵裂入路手术难度分型及热点问题探讨
2021年新版WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类将造釉细胞型颅咽管瘤和乳头型颅咽管瘤相互独立、彻底分开。据此,神外资讯采访了北京天坛医院小儿神经外科主任宫剑教授,请他对此进行解读并对儿童颅咽管瘤治疗相关热点问题进行探讨,以下是采访实录。
宫剑 教授
北京天坛医院
教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师,北京天坛医院小儿神经外科病区主任。中国医师协会神经外科医师分会小儿专家委员会副主任委员,中国医药教育协会小儿神经外科分会副主任委员。
主要研究方向:1.儿童颅内肿瘤;2.儿童颅脑先天性疾病。
目前主持科技部十三五、国家自然科学基金等多项课题,国内外专业杂志发表医学论著30余篇。
一
为什么新版WHO(2021)中枢神经系统肿瘤分类将儿童型与成人型颅咽管瘤分开?
二
儿童型与成人型颅咽管瘤手术风险及治疗效果有何不同?
三
如何确保儿童颅咽管瘤的手术安全是世界性难题,对此天坛小儿神外是否有切实有效的方法加以推荐?
四
做为全国最大的儿童颅咽管瘤诊疗中心,请您谈谈天坛小儿神外对手术入路的选择?
1
中线入路
2
侧方入路:翼点入路、额外侧入路
3
内镜下经蝶入路
五
国内外颅咽管瘤分型极为繁琐复杂,天坛小儿神外是否有自己的临床分型?意义何在?
儿童型颅咽管瘤经前纵裂入路手术难度分型
(天坛小儿神外2021)
分型说明
1.前交通动脉(ACoA)毗邻视交叉,通过术前影像判断ACoA的位置,基本可以确认视交叉与肿瘤的关系,磁共振(MRI)T2矢状位显示最清晰,应作为颅咽管瘤检查常规成像。
2.鞍区常用解剖间隙与手术难度关系:第I间隙:视交叉前间隙;第II间隙:一侧视神经与颈内动脉间隙;第III间隙:一侧颈内动脉与动眼神经间隙;第IV间隙:视交叉后间隙,即终板间隙。前纵裂入路主要涉及第I、第IV间隙。颅咽管瘤手术关键点是游离肿瘤囊壁、保护下丘脑。于第I间隙切除肿瘤,与下丘脑关系不密切,难度小;于第IV间隙切除肿瘤,需要打开终板,在三室内操作,与下丘脑关系密切,难度大。
3.I型只需通过第I间隙切除肿瘤,难度最小;II型需要通过第I、第IV间隙切除肿瘤,难度居中;III型只能通过第IV间隙切除肿瘤,难度最大。
4.a型肿瘤未突入三室,与下丘脑关系不密切,手术难度小;b型肿瘤突入三室,与下丘脑关系密切,手术难度大。
5.据此排列、Ia型至IIIb型依次类推,Ia型难度最小,IIIb型难度最大。复杂型难以通过前纵裂入路一次切除,手术难度级别最高。
6.儿童型颅咽管瘤术前放置Ommaya囊的理论依据,是通过囊腔穿刺瘤体缩小,将肿瘤由复杂型向简单型转化;由高难度型向低难度型转化,大大提高手术的安全性与全切率。
7.据此分型,制定选择儿童颅咽管瘤手术入路之原则:能走中线不走侧方,能走前纵裂不走胼胝体,能走第I间隙不走第IV间隙,慎重选择经蝶手术。简称“三走三不走一慎重”,以便在全切肿瘤的前提下,大大提高手术安全性。
六
患儿家长最关心的是颅咽管瘤切除术后垂体柄是否保留,请谈谈您的看法?
七
前纵裂入路最大的障碍是前交通动脉,有学者提出主动切断以增加术腔显露,请问您的观点?
八
颅咽管瘤复发率高,一旦复发就要再次手术吗?请谈谈您的观点。
九
颅咽管瘤术后,由于患儿身材矮小,家长急于要求注射生长激素,您的建议?
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