深度民调|【皮尤中心】：美欧人民对国家认同的态度更包容了？

【世界决定视界】【视界决定世界】

what you see forms what you'll be

欢迎打开“我与我们的世界”，从此，让我们一起纵览世界之风云变幻、洞察社会之脉搏律动、感受个体之生活命运、挖掘自然之点滴奥妙。

欢迎通过上方公众号名称，来挖掘本公众号与大家共享的往期文章，因为，每期都能让你“走近”不一样的世界、带给你不一样的精彩。

点击文末“阅读原文”，发现更大世界，里面图书共分五大类，分别是：中国话题类、国际话题类、哲学宗教类、历史社会类、拓展提升类。

推荐将本公众号设为“置顶”或“星标”公众号，以确保第一时间收到最新消息。欢迎分享本公众号优质文章，并向朋友推荐本公众号。

本期导读：国族认同（又称为国家认同、民族认同，又可称为“国家身份”、“民族身份”、“国族身份”）是人对于国家或民族的归属感或认同感。这是种将国族视为一凝聚整体的观念，通常以一个国家或民族独特的传统、文化、语言和政治作为代表。

国族认同也可以指自己与另一群分享同一个国族的主观感觉，无论该人的法律公民地位为何，例如在日朝鲜人在法律地位上是日本公民，也不具备朝鲜公民的身份，但这不妨碍在日朝鲜人以朝鲜做为自己的国族认同。国族认同被视为是心理学词汇，用来表示“差异之觉察”、“'我群’与'他者’的认知与感觉”。

国族认同的积极表现是爱国主义，其特征是对于自身所属国族的骄傲感和对自身所属国族的积极热爱情绪。国族认同的极端表现则是沙文主义（例如第一次世界大战时期的泛日耳曼主义和泛斯拉夫主义），其特征是坚信自身所属国族具有优越性以及极端忠诚于自身所属国族。

国族认同并非天生就有的特质，其本质上是社会建构。一人国族认同的结果直接由其在日常生活中的接触到的共同元素而来，例如：国族符号、语言、颜色、国族史、血统、文化、音乐、服装、广播、电视以及其他等等。

在各种不同的社会影响下，人们借由采纳不同信念、价值而将国族认同融入到个人认同内。对于自身所属国族认同者会将国族信念和价值视为是对自身有意义的，并将这些信念和价值在日常生活中的实践。

政治学家鲁伯特·爱默生(Rupert Emerson)将国家认同定义为“一群感觉自己是一个国家的人”。国家认同的这一定义得到了社会心理学家亨利·塔伊费尔(Henri Tajfel)的认可，他与约翰·特纳(John Turner)共同提出了社会认同理论。

社会认同理论采用了国家认同的这一定义，认为国家认同的概念化包括自我分类和情感两个方面。自我分类是指认同一个民族，把自己看作这个民族的一员。情感部分是指一个人的情感。

国家认同需要自我分类的过程，它既涉及到群体内认同(认同自己的国家)，也涉及到群体外认同(其他国家)。通过认识到共同的血统、共同的命运等共性，人们认同一个民族，形成一个内群体，同时又把认同另一个民族的人视为外群体。

社会认同理论认为，一个民族的认同与其他民族的贬低之间存在着积极的关系。通过认同自己的国家，人们参与组间比较，往往贬低组外比较。然而，有几项研究调查了民族认同与贬损他国之间的这种关系，发现认同民族认同并不一定导致群体外的贬损。

Views About National Identity Becoming More Inclusive in U.S., Western Europe

美欧人民对国家认同的态度更包容了？

Large ideological divides persist on views of tradition, national pride and discrimination, especially in the U.S.

小编注：译文部分仅供参考；下面共享的信息，整理自皮尤研究中心网站；本公众号更多深度民调、皮尤中心、国际时事等相关优质文章，见文末往期精彩；本期共享资料下载方式，见文末注释部分。

本期共享资料封面

本期共享资料目录

As issues about culture and identity continue to be at the center of heated political debates in the United States and Europe, a new Pew Research Center survey finds that views about national identity in the U.S., France, Germany and the UK have become less restrictive and more inclusive in recent years.

Compared with 2016 – when a wave of immigration to Europe and Donald Trump’s presidential campaign in the U.S. made immigration and diversity a major issue on both sides of the Atlantic – fewer now believe that to truly be American, French, German or British, a person must be born in the country, must be a Christian, has to embrace national customs, or has to speak the dominant language.

People in all four nations have also become more likely to believe that immigrants want to adopt the customs and ways of life in their countries. Nearly two-thirds of Americans (65%) now hold this opinion, up from 54% in 2018, and the share of the public expressing this view in Germany has jumped from 33% to 51% over the same time period.

The survey also finds that more people think their countries will be better off in the future if they are open to changes regarding traditional ways of life. Still, this issue is divisive, as a substantial minority in every country prefer to stick to traditions.

Other cultural issues also divide these publics. For example, when it comes to issues of “political correctness,” at least four-in-ten in every country say people should be careful what they say to avoid offending others – even while around half or more in every country but Germany say people today are too easily offended by what others say.

Outside of France, more people say it’s a bigger problem for their country today to not see discrimination where it really does exist than for people to see discrimination where it really is not present.

Depending on the country, people are also divided over which groups are facing discrimination in society today. In the U.S., for example, nearly half say Christians face at least some discrimination, though fewer than a third say the same in the European countries surveyed.

Similarly, in France, the public is somewhat evenly divided over whether Jews face discrimination. In every country surveyed, though, a large majority think Muslims face discrimination.

All of these issues are also ideologically divisive.1 In every country surveyed, those on the right are more likely than those on the left to prioritize sticking to traditions, to say people today are too easily offended by what others say, and to say the bigger societal problem is seeing discrimination where it does not exist.

Those on the right are also more likely to say each factor asked about – being born in the country, adopting its customs and traditions, speaking the dominant language and being Christian – are very important for being part of the citizenry.

Even issues of national pride have become ideologically tinged in the U.S. and UK. In every country, around four-in-ten say they are proud of their country most of the time, one-in-ten or fewer say they are ashamed of their country most of the time, and the balance say they are both proud and ashamed.

But, while those on the left and right are equally likely to say they are proud most of the time in both France and Germany, in the U.S. and UK, those on the right are more than three times as likely to say they are proud most of the time than those on the left (or conservatives are about three times as likely to say they are proud most of the time than liberals, in American parlance).

In these two countries, those on the left are equally likely to describe themselves as ashamed most of the time as to say they tend to be proud.