非小细胞肺癌,放疗系列研究汇总(不可手术Ⅲ期)
全文概要
不可手术Ⅲ期NSCLC
不可切除ⅢA 期、ⅢB、ⅢC 期主要指有如下影像或淋巴结病理性证据:
1. 同侧纵隔淋巴结多枚转移成巨大肿块或多站转移(ⅢA:T1-2N2或ⅢB:T3-4N2);
2. 对侧肺门、纵隔淋巴结,或同、对侧斜角肌或锁骨上淋巴结转移(ⅢB:T1-2N3;ⅢC:T3-4N3);
3. 病灶侵犯心脏、主动脉和食管(ⅢA:T4N0-1)。
治疗方案
4. 推荐首先根治性同步放化疗,同步放化疗建议2-4个化疗周期,同步放化疗后不需要进行巩固化疗,最大总治疗时间一般不超过7周。
5. 对于高龄、PS为2分、有合并症或无法耐受同步放化疗者,序贯放化疗(减少毒副反应)可作为替代方案;若序贯放化疗、单纯放疗也不能耐受,可接受单纯化疗,驱动基因阳性可接受靶向治疗,治疗有效、肿瘤退缩明显患者,可再次评估能否进行放疗。
同步放化疗方案
6. 化疗方案
EP: 顺铂 50mg/m2,d1,8,29,36;依托泊苷 50mg/m2,d1-5,d29-33;
PC: 卡铂 AUC 2,紫杉醇 45~50mg/m2,每周;
AP: 顺铂 75mg/m2,d1;培美曲塞 500mg/m2,d1,每3周重复(非鳞癌);
AC: 卡铂 AUC 5,d1;培美曲塞 500mg/m2,d1,每3周重复(非鳞癌);
DP: 顺铂 20mg/m2,多西他赛 20mg/m2,每周。
7. 放疗方案:60-66Gy/30-33次/6-7 周。
免疫巩固治疗
8. PACIFIC研究:Durvalumab巩固治疗,OS为47.5个月
01
同步放化疗疗效优于序贯放化疗,毒副作用亦较大
RTOG9410研究设计
总生存的森林图
02
超分割或加速超分割放疗,能改善长期生存,但副作用更大,限制应用。
03
诱导化疗后行同步放化疗不是理想治疗模式
诱导化疗和巩固化疗的研究
04
同步放化疗后巩固化疗、靶向治疗,无生存获益
SWOG 0023研究[11]:一项III期临床研究,旨在比较巩固化疗后继续使用分子靶向药物吉非替尼进行维持治疗是否获益。所有患者均接受顺铂50 mg/m2 第1、8天,依托泊苷50 mg/m2,第1-5天,每28天1次,共2个周期,同步胸部放疗(1.8~2Gy/次/d,总剂量61Gy),然后用多西紫杉醇75 mg/m2共3个周期。疾病没有进展的患者被随机分配给吉非替尼250 mg/d或安慰剂,直到疾病进展、无法忍受的毒性或5年结束。本研究因试验组疗效欠佳而中止。在中位随访时间为27个月,吉非替尼的中位生存期为23个月(n=118),安慰剂组的中位生存期为35个月(n=125)。使用吉非替尼的中毒性死亡率为2%,而使用安慰剂的中毒性死亡率为0%。
CALGB 30106研究[12]:在同步放化疗期间给予吉非替尼治疗,患者生存期均缩短,结果也为阴性。
05
RTOG0617研究表明,增加总剂量不能提高疗效。
2020年,RTOG 0617研究的长期随访数据在J Clin Oncol上发表[15],60Gy组的生存显著优于74Gy组(5 year OS,32.1% vs. 23%;中位OS,28.7月 vs. 20.3月,P=0.007),联合西妥昔单抗在增加毒性的同时未见生存改善。安全性上,60Gy组≥3级吞咽困难/食管炎和5级治疗相关不良反应发生率显著低于74Gy组。
RTOG 0617研究中60Gy组的生存显著优于74Gy组
06
同步放化疗的化疗方案,首选以顺铂为基础的联合化疗,化疗方案可选顺铂+依托泊苷,或顺铂+长春碱(通常为顺铂+长春瑞滨)或顺铂+多西他赛,或顺铂+培美曲塞(非鳞癌),对肾功能不全或胃肠道反应太大无法耐受顺铂者,可考虑基于卡铂的方案,包括紫杉醇+卡铂的周方案。
临床上,大约1/3的NSCLC患者在确诊时的分期为Ⅲ期、局部晚期疾病。对体力状况良好,不可手术切除的Ⅲ期NSCLC患者而言,标准治疗方法是以铂类为基础的双药化疗联合同步放疗(化放疗)。然而,接受化放疗的患者中位无进展生存期较短(大约为8个月),并且只有15%的患者达到5年生存期。多年来,对此类患者的治疗并未取得重大进展。[2015年免疫药物出现后,再次激发了肺癌专家们的希望,他们发现,放疗可以通过促进抗原的扩增和被识别以及诱导CD8+T细胞浸润等机理增加宿主抗肿瘤免疫反应。同时利用免疫长效低毒的药物特性,就此设计出同步放化疗完成后序贯PDL1单抗免疫巩固的新型治疗模式!掀起了全球针对III期不可手术肺癌的随机对照III期PACIFIC研究。PACIFIC研究是首个评估免疫检查点抑制剂用于不可切除的Ⅲ期NSCLC患者疗效的随机对照Ⅲ期临床研究。]
研究设计
PACIFIC研究中位OS和1/2/3年OS率
PACIFIC研究4年OS
中位OS:47.5个月,几乎达到了4年之久,相比安慰剂组的29.1个月,延长了18.4个月,也就是1年半的生存时间,并降低了29%的死亡风险(HR=0.71;95%CI:0.57~0.88)。
4年OS率:49.6%,而对照组则为36.3%,换句话说,有一半的患者通过PACIFIC模式活过了4年。
小结:基于PACIFIC研究结果,对于放化疗(包括同步及序贯)后4~8周无进展的患者,推荐使用Durvalumab巩固治疗,治疗时间为1年。另外,PACIFIC研究入组患者并未要求行驱动基因检测,EGFR阳性仅43例患者,突变阳性亚组与整体获益趋势一致。因缺乏明确临床获益证据,国内多数专家不推荐EGFR突变阳性的患者放化疗后使用Durvalumab巩固治疗。目前,尚在进行中的PACIFIC5(NCT03706690)和LAURA(CRT-TKI,NCT03521154)研究正在对EGFR阳性、Ⅲ期、不可切除NSCLC患者放化疗后最佳治疗方案进行进一步探索,未来将提供更多的临床医学证据。
机遇与挑战并存,希望与荣耀同在丨不可切除局部晚期/转移性NSCLC的起始治疗策略
参考文献
[1]Dillman RO, Herndon J,Seagren SL, et al. Improved survival in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer:seven-year follow-up of cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 8433 trial. J NatlCancer Inst. 1996 Sep 4;88(17):1210-5. doi: 10.1093/jnci/88.17.1210.
[2]Sause W, Kolesar P,Taylor S IV, et al. Final results of phase III trial in regionally advancedunresectable non-small cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and Southwest Oncology Group. Chest. 2000Feb;117(2):358-64. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.2.358.
[3]Furuse K, Fukuoka M,Kawahara M, et al. Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracicradiotherapy in combination with mitomycin, vindesine, and cisplatin inunresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999Sep;17(9):2692-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2692.
[4]Curran WJ Jr, Paulus R,Langer CJ, et al. Sequential vs. concurrent chemoradiation for stage IIInon-small cell lung cancer: randomized phase III trial RTOG 9410. J Natl CancerInst. 2011 Oct 5;103(19):1452-60. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djr325.
[5]Aupérin A, Le Péchoux C,Rolland E, et al. Meta-analysis of concomitant versus sequentialradiochemotherapy in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol.2010 May 1;28(13):2181-90. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.2543.
[6]Miller ED, Fisher JL,Haglund KE, et al The Addition of Chemotherapy to Radiation Therapy ImprovesSurvival in Elderly Patients with Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. JThorac Oncol. 2018 Mar;13(3):426-435. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.11.135.
[7]Sause W, Kolesar P,Taylor S IV, et al. Final results of phase III trial in regionally advancedunresectable non-small cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and Southwest Oncology Group. Chest. 2000Feb;117(2):358-64. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.2.358.
[8]Mauguen A, Le Péchoux C,Saunders MI, et al. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy in lungcancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug1;30(22):2788-97. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.41.6677.
[9]Vokes EE, Herndon JE 2nd, Kelley MJ, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy alone for regionally advanced unresectable stage III Non-small-cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B. J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 1;25(13):1698-704. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.3569.
[10]Albain KS, Crowley JJ, Turrisi AT 3rd, etal. Concurrent cisplatin, etoposide, and chest radiotherapy in pathologic stageIIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group phase II study,SWOG 9019. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Aug 15;20(16):3454-60. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.03.055.
[11]Kelly K, Chansky K, Gaspar LE, et al. Phase III trial of maintenance gefitinib or placebo after concurrent chemoradiotherapy and docetaxel consolidation in inoperable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: SWOG S0023. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 20;26(15):2450-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.4824.
[12]Ready N, Jänne PA, Bogart J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy and gefitinib in stage III non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS mutation analysis: cancer and leukemia group B (CALEB) 30106, a CALGB-stratified phase II trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2010 Sep;5(9):1382-90. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181eba657.
[13]Ahn JS, Ahn YC, Kim JH, etal. Multinational Randomized Phase III Trial With or Without ConsolidationChemotherapy Using Docetaxel and Cisplatin After Concurrent Chemoradiation inInoperable Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: KCSG-LU05-04. J Clin Oncol.2015 Aug 20;33(24):2660-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.60.0130.
[14]Bradley JD, Paulus R, Komaki R, et al.Standard-dose versus high-dose conformal radiotherapy with concurrent andconsolidation carboplatin plus paclitaxel with or without cetuximab forpatients with stage IIIA or IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (RTOG 0617): arandomised, two-by-two factorial phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015Feb;16(2):187-99. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71207-0.
[15] Bradley JD, Hu C, Komaki RR, et al. Long-Term Results of NRG Oncology RTOG 0617: Standard- Versus High-Dose Chemoradiotherapy With or Without Cetuximab for Unresectable Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Mar 1;38(7):706-714.
[16]Schiller JH, HarringtonD, Belani CP, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advancednon-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):92-8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011954.
[17]Yamamoto N, Nakagawa K,Nishimura Y, etal. Phase III study comparing second- and third-generationregimens withconcurrent thoracic radiotherapy in patients with unresectablestage IIInon-small-cell lung cancer: West Japan Thoracic Oncology GroupWJTOG0105[J]. JClin Oncol. 2010,28(23):3739-45.
[18]Senan S, Brade A, Wang LH, et al.PROCLAIM: Randomized Phase III Trial of Pemetrexed-Cisplatin orEtoposide-Cisplatin Plus Thoracic Radiation Therapy Followed by ConsolidationChemotherapy in Locally Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J ClinOncol. 2016 Mar 20;34(9):953-62. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.64.8824.
[19]Liang J, Bi N, Wu S, et al.Etoposide and cisplatin versus paclitaxel and carboplatin with concurrentthoracic radiotherapy in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer: amulticenter randomized phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2017 Apr 1;28(4):777-783.doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx009.
[20]Antonia SJ et al. Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2017 Sep 8; [e-pub]. (https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709937)
[21]Antonia SJ et al. Overall survival with durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage Ⅲ NSCLC. N Engl J Med 2018 Sep 25; [e-pub]. (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809697)
[22]Jhanelle E Gray JE, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Three-Year Overall Survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III NSCLC-Update from PACIFIC. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2020;15(2):288-293.