数词 1. 定义和特征(1)表示'多少'和'第几'的词,叫做数词(numeral)。(2)数词与不定代词相似,其用法或者相当于形容词,或者相当于名词。2. 种类基数词:表示'多少'的词叫做基数词(cardinal numeral),如:one (一),twenty(二十),hundred(百)等。序数词:表示'第几'的词叫做序数词(ordinal numeral),如:first (第一),twentieth (第二十),hundredth(第一百)等。(1)基数词100以下的基本的基数词1 one11 eleven2 two12 twelve3 three13 thirteen4 four14 fourteen5 five15 fifteen6 six16 sixteen7 seven17 seventeen8 eight18 eighteen9 nine19 nineteen10 ten20 twenty21 twenty-one60 sixty30 thirty70 seventy40 forty80 eighty50 fifty90 ninety说明:1)13-19皆以后缀-teen结尾,它们都有两个重音。注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的发音和拼法。2) 20-90第十位数的整数均以后缀-ty结尾。3)十位数和个位数之间须用连字号'-'。如:twenty-one(二十一),fifty-five(五十五),ninety-nine(九十九)等。100以上的基本的基数词100 hundred1,000 thousand1,000,000 million 百万100,000,000 hundred million 一亿1,000 million (=billion)十亿499 four hundred and ninety-nine(101-999如此构成)3,876 three thousand eight hundred and seventy-six (1001-9999皆如此构成)57,453 fifty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty-three(10001-99999)皆如此构成)768, 921 seven hundred sixty-eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-one8,641, 457 eight million six hundred forty-one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven50, 000, 000 fifty million500, 000, 000 five hundred million5, 000, 000, 000 five thousand million(或five billion)50, 000, 000, 000 fifty thousand million (或fifty billion)说明:1)100和100以上的基数词须用hundred,thousand,million, billion等。2)十位数与百位数之间有and。但也有不用and的情况,如850可以读作eight hundred fifty。(2)基数词的用法基数词在句中可用作下列句子成分:1)主语Two plus nine is eleven.二加九等于十一。Four times six is twenty-four. 四乘六得二十四。Three of them went to college last year.他们当中去年有三人上大学了。(如说the three of them,意思则是'他们三个人')2)宾语Give me two.给我两个。3)定语There are nineteen students in our class.我们班有十九个同学。My uncle bought two hand tractors recently.我叔叔最近买了两台手扶拖拉机。(注)hundred(百),thousand(千)和million(百万)作定语用时一律不用复数;作名词用(后面多跟of短语)时则用复数。如:Our country has a population of l,200 million people.我国有十二亿人口。There are three thousand students in the university.这所大学有三千学生。Rice has been cultivated in the East for thousands of years.水稻在东方已经种植了几千年。Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.玉米是全世界千百万人最主要的粮食。4)表语She is just fourteen.她刚十四岁。He was already forty when he began to learn English他开始学英语时已经四十岁了。(3)序数词-99的基本的序数词first 第一second 2nd 第 二third 3rd 第三fouth 4th 第四fifth 5th 第五sixth 6th 第六seventh 7th 第七eighth 8th 第八ninth 9th 第九tenth 10th 第十eleventh 11th 第十一twelfth 12th 第十二thirteenth 13th 第十三nineteenth 19th 第十九twentieth 20th 第二十fortieth 40th 第四十fifty-first 51st 第五十一sixty-second 62nd 第六十二eighty-third 83rd 第八十三ninety-fourth 94th 第九十四说明:1)英语序数词1-19除第一(first),第二(second),第三(third)有特殊形式外,其余均由基数词后加-th构成。2)有几个序数词加 -th 时拼法不规则,它们是:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3)十位整数的序数词的构成方法是:先将十位整数基数词的词尾 -ty 中的y变成i,然后加-eth。4)基数词'几十几'变成序数词时,仅将个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。如twenty-one变成twenty-first。5)序数词的缩写形式,由阿拉伯数码后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。如:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,31st,82nd,93rd,94th等。(4)序数词的用法序数词在句中可用作下列各个句子成分:1)主语The first is better than the second.第一个比第二个要好。2)宾语He was among the first to arrive.他是首批到达的。3)定语China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964.中国于1964年10月爆炸了第一颗原子弹。His father died in the Second World War.他父亲在第二次世界大战中死去。4)表语Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.杰克每天早晨总是第一个到办公室。[注]序数词前面常用定冠词the。分数和小数1. 分数(fraction)分子为基数词,分母为序数词并有复数。1/2 one half;1/3 one-third;2/3 two-thirds;1/4 one-fourth或 one quarter;3/4 three-fourths或 three quarters;2 3/5 two and three-fifths.2. 小数(decimal)0.5 zero point five;1.25 one point two five;3.458 three point four five eight. 时间点的表达 1、所有的时间都可以用“小时+分钟”直接读:6:10 six ten8:30 eight thirty2:40 two forty2、如果所表述的时间在半小时之内,可以用“分钟+past+小时”:6:10 ten past six4:20 twenty past four10:25 twenty-five past ten3、如果所表述的时间在半小时之外,可以用“(相差的)分钟+to+(下一)小时”:10:35 twenty-five to eleven5:50 ten to six9:49 eleven to ten4、如果所表述的时间恰好为半小时,可以用“half+past+小时”:11:30 half past eleven2:30 half past two5、如果所表述的分钟和15有关,就有三种表达法:(15分钟又叫一刻钟:a quarter)9:15 nine fifteen;fifteen past nine;a quarter past nine3:45 three forty-five;fifteen to four;a quarter to four6、整点的表达:现在是两点整。It's two./It's two o'clock.另外英语中的noon和midnight可分别直接表示白天和夜晚的12点:It's(twelve)noon.现在是中午十二点。It's(twelve)midnight.现在是半夜零点。7、大约时间:It's almost two.马上到两点了。It's not quite two.还不到两点。It's just after two.刚过两点。8、若想表明是上午,可在时间后加上a.m.如:thirteen past six a.m.(上午六点十三分)。若想表明是下午,可在时间后加上p.m.如:four o'clock p.m.(下午四点)。9.句子范例1.It's nine forty-five.=It's a quarter to ten.2.It's two seventeen.=It's seventeen past two.3.It's three.=It's three o'clock.4.It's nine thirty.=It's half past nine.5.It's six fifteen.=It's a quarter past six.6.It's three fifty.=It's ten to four. 世纪、年代、年、月、日的表达 1、世纪:①用“定冠词+序数词+century”表示例:在十七世纪写作:in the 17th century,读作:in the seventeenth century②用“定冠词+百位进数+s”表示例:在十七世纪写作:in the 1600s,读作:in the sixteen hundreds注意:这种情况下,实际表达的世纪数是阿拉伯数字本身加一。2、年代用“定冠词+(世纪百位进数+十位年代数)+s”表示例:在二十世纪三十年代写作:in the 1930s,读作:in the thirties of the twentieth century或in the nineteen thirties表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后添加early,mid-和late例如:在二十世纪二十年代早期in the early 1920s;在二十世纪五十年代中期in the mid-1950s3、年月日1)年份①读年份时一般分为两个单位来读,前两个数为一个,后两个数为一个:1949读作:nineteen forty-nine或nineteen hundred and forty-nine②如果是三位数,先读第一位,再把后两个数合起来读:253读作:two fifty-three或two hundred and fifty-three③另外:2000读作:two thousand,1902读作:nineteen hundred and two或nineteen o two④如果要使用year,year放在数词之前例如:in the year two fifty-three B.C.在公元前253年2)月份月份是专有名词,除了少数几个月份外都有缩写形式:January-Jan.一月February-Feb.二月March-Mar.三月April-Apr.四月August-Aug.八月September-Sept.九月October-Oct.十月November-Nov.十一月December-Dec.十二月注意:缩写形式后面的点不能省略,因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。 3)日期:用序数词表示例:十月一日写作:October 1,October 1st,1 October,1st October,(the)1st of October等,其中的October都可以写成缩写形式Oct.读作:October the first或the first of October4)年月日用英语表达年月日的顺序:①月日年例:2002年1月17日写作:January 17(th),2002或January seventeenth,2002(日和年之间需用逗号隔开)读作:January the seventeenth,two thousand and two②日月年例:2002年1月17日写作:17(th)January,2002或the seventeenth of January,2002(月和年之间需用逗号隔开)读作:the seventeenth of January,two thousand and two4.介词的使用:若指在哪一年或哪一月,用介词in;若具体到某一天,需用介词on。例如:She was born in 1989.She was born in August.She was born in August 1989.She was born on 2nd August,1989.