2016年高考语法填空题(涉及the first后接不定式被动式还是过去分词)
今年(2016年)高考英语全国卷的语法填空题如下：
Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________61_(attract).
So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I________62_（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be theirUKambassador. The title will be ________63_(official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back ________64_ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ________65_ I was the first Western TV reporter________66_ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include ________67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ________68_ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few ________69__( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, ________70_ other is with mum-she never suspects.
其中第66题所提供的答案是 permitted。但不是说 the first 修饰的名词后面用不定式吗？这里为什么用过去分词呢？听阅卷的老师说，今年的高考阅卷中，该题填 to be permitted 是不得分的。
▲但是，请看下面一道20多年前的高考题：
The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(1994年高考题)
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
本题答案是 B，而不是 D。
▲疑问：这个问题应该可以归纳到 the first后接不定式被动式还是过去分词的问题。其实这个问题英语答疑问曾经专门讨论过，只可惜没有引起大家的足够重视！
原问题见：http://ask.yygrammar.com/q-5792.html
恕我直言，这个问题的解答也没有完全解决问题的根本！
▲本题悬偿鲜花20朵，恳请专家老师给予详细解答，非常感谢！
0 条评论
分类：词法问题
最佳答案 2016-07-19 11:50
1. 秦裕祥著的《英语语法专题研究》（湖南师范大学出版社1999年5月第1版）P191：在被the first, the last 等词语修饰的名词之后，不定式一般体可以表示先时性动作，这样就出现几种可以交换使用的情况：That was the first book to be written / to have been written / written by a woman writer.
2. 赵振才编著的《英语常见问题解答大词典》（增订版）（世界图书出版西安公司 2005年3月第1版）P489：但是，当先行词含有first, next, last或者形容词最高级这样的词语时，则充当定语的动词不定式通常不含有将来意义或情态意义，而含有过去时意义：
He was the first man to fly the Atlantic (to fly = who flew).
He was the first to be there (to be= who was).
They were the last guests to arrive (to arrive=who arrived).
3. L.G. Alexander 著New Concept English《新概念英语》（修订版）【英汉对照本】（安徽科学技术出版社 1992年2月第2版）第3册P264：The deepest hole ever to be bored on land went down 25340 feet—considerably less than the height of Mount Everest. 葛传槼教授审订的译文为：在地上已钻出的最深的孔达到2534、0英尺——比起珠穆朗玛峰的高度小得多。
王福林 郭兴家编的《新概念英语辅导材料》第3册（安徽科学技术出版社 1992年2月第10次印刷版）P210：ever to be bored on land 作hole 的定语。25340 feet作 状语，修饰 went down。意即“曾在陆地上钻出的最深的洞达25430英尺”。
4. Michael Swan著的Practical English Usage《英语用法指南》（第二版 翻译本）（外语教学与研究出版社 2000年9月第1版）P285：
最高级之后可跟动词不定式结构。
He’s the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal(=…who has ever won…).(笔者注：Michael Swan认为to win作后置定语修饰the oldest athlete，可以改为含有现在完成时的定语从句who has ever won…，说明此处的动词不定式所表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，从而验证了赵振才教授所说的“当先行词含有first, next, last或者形容词最高级这样的词语时，充当定语的动词不定式含有过去时意义，即秦裕祥教授所说的”不定式一般体可以表示先时性动作”。)
常与这种结构连用的还有first, second, third等词以及next, last 和only。
Who was the first person to climb Everest without oxygen?
The next to arrive was a big black snake.
She’s the only scientist to have won three Nobel prizes.
5. Michael Swan 著的 Practical English Usage (Third Edition Oxford University Press 2005) P259:
He’s the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal (=…who has ever won…).
Who was the first person to climb Everest without oxygen?
The next to arrive was Ms Patterson.
She’s the only scientist to have won three Nobel prizes.
6. 卢胜莽编著的《英语非谓语动词疑难详解》（辽宁大学出版社 1989年12月第1版）P78：
This is the best book on the subjects to appear this year. (= this is the best book on the subjects that will appear / has appeared this year.)
这是今年出版的论述这个问题的最好的书。（不定式变成定语从句说明，不定式的信息可以时将要发生的信息，也可以是完成的信息，要根据说话时书是否已出版而定）。
He was the first man to fly across the Pacific. (=He was the first man who had flown across the Pacific.)
他是第一个飞过太平洋的人。（不定式变成定语从句说明，不定式表达已完成的信息）。
这样看来：1994年高考试卷的第34题的答案B to be written 和D written 都可以，可惜当时大多说语法书主张在被 the first, the last 等词语修饰的名词之后，通常用不定式一般式表示同时性或后时性动作，to be written 作后置定语不被认可。
然而，现在秦裕祥教授的观点“在被 the first, the last 等词语修饰的名词之后，不定式一般体可以表示先时性动作。”逐渐被接受，英语教材（牛津英语模块五（Unit 3—Reading—The perfect copy）中的一句话“The first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell was dolly the sheep.”就是佐证。
所以，2016年全国高考试卷第66题：I was the first Western TV reporter ______ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 按照句意来说可以有以下答案：permitted, to be permitted, to have been permitted。
5 条评论
1. 秦裕祥著的《英语语法专题研究》（湖南师范大学出版社1999年5月第1版）P191：在被the first, the last等词语修饰的名词之后，不定式一般体可以表示先时性动作，这样就出现几种可以交换使用的情况：That was the first book to be written/to have been written/written by a woman writer.
2. 赵振才编著的《英语常见问题解答大词典》（增订版）（世界图书出版西安公司 2005年3月第1版）P489：但是，当先行词含有first, next, last或者形容词最高级这样的词语时，则充当定语的动词不定式通常不含有将来意义或情态意义，而含有过去时意义：
He was the first man to fly the Atlantic (to fly = who flew).
He was the first to be there(to be= who was).
They were the last guests to arrive(to arrive=who arrived).
3.L.G. Alexander 著New Concept English《新概念英语》（修订版）【英汉对照本】（安徽科学技术出版社 1992年2月第2版）第3册P264：The deepest hole ever to be bored on land went down 25340 feet—considerably less than the height of Mount Everest. 葛传槼教授审订的译文为：在地上已钻出的最深的孔达到2534、0英尺——比起珠穆朗玛峰的高度小得多。
王福林 郭兴家编的《新概念英语辅导材料》第3册（安徽科学技术出版社 1992年2月第10次印刷版）P210：ever to be bored on land 作hole的定语。25340 feet作状语，修饰went down。意即“曾在陆地上钻出的最深的洞达15430英尺”。
3. Michael Swan著的Practical English Usage《英语用法指南》（第二版 翻译本）（外语教学与研究出版社 2000年9月第1版）P285：
最高级之后可跟动词不定式结构。
He’s the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal(=…who has ever won…).(笔者注：Michael Swan认为to win作后置定语修饰the oldest athlete，可以改为含有现在完成时的定语从句who has ever won…，说明此处的动词不定式所表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，从而验证了赵振才教授所说的“当先行词含有first, next, last或者形容词最高级这样的词语时，充当定语的动词不定式含有过去时意义，即秦裕祥教授所说的”不定式一般体可以表示先时性动作”。)
常与这种结构连用的还有first, second, third等词以及next, last 和only。
Who was the first person to climb Everest without oxygen?
The next to arrive was a big black snake.
She’s the only scientist to have won three Nobel prizes.
4. Michael Swan著的Practical English Usage(Third Edition Oxford University Press 2005)
P259:
He’s the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal(=…who has ever won…).
Who was the first person to climb Everest without oxygen?
The next to arrive was Ms Patterson.
She’s the only scientist to have won three Nobel prizes.
这样看来：1994年高考试卷的第34题的答案B to be written 和D written都可以，可惜当时大多说语法书书主张在被the first, the last等词语修饰的名词之后，通常用不定式，written作后置定语不被认可。
然而，现在秦裕祥教授的观点“在被the first, the last等词语修饰的名词之后，不定式一般体可以表示先时性动作。”逐渐被接受，英语教材（牛津英语模块五（Unit 3—Reading—The perfect copy）中的一句话“ The first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell was dolly the sheep. ”就是佐证。
所以，2016年全国高考试卷第66题：I was the first Western TV reporter ______ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 按照句意来说可以有以下答案：
permitted， to be permitted, to have been permitted。但是，题目要求只能填1个单词，答案只能是permitted。