With Nature, Over Nature, To Nature| 文艺复兴与浪漫主义“自然”与人的关系

With Nature

文艺复兴是万物相联系的时期，整个世界是一个整体，人与自然和谐相处在这张有秩序的网中。斯宾塞的《迎婚曲》(Epithalamion) 就描写了这种和谐的局面，森林湖泽的仙女拿着五颜六色的花环来到闺房，布置闺房To deck the bridale bowers和新娘即将走过的路let the ground whereas her foot shall tread,/For feare the stones her tender foot should wrong,/ Be strewed with fragrant flowers all along。当她醒来时，For she will waken strayt;仙女们会唱起歌，The whiles doe ye this song unto her sing，树木也会应和The woods shall to you answer, and your eccho ring.

Bring with you all the nymphes that you can heare,
Both of the rivers and the forrests greene,
And of the sea that neighbours to her neare,
Al with gay girlands goodly wel beseene.
And let them also with them bring in hand

Another gay girland,
For my fayre love, of lillyes and of roses,
Bound truelove wize with a blew silke riband.
And let them make great store of bridale poses,
And let them eeke bring store of other flowers,

To deck the bridale bowers.
And let the ground whereas her foot shall tread,
For feare the stones her tender foot should wrong,
Be strewed with fragrant flowers all along,
And diapred lyke the discolored mead.
Which done, doe at her chamber dore awayt,

For she will waken strayt;
The whiles doe ye this song unto her sing
The woods shall to you answer, and your eccho ring.

Over Nature

浪漫主义时期，随着无数科学机构的建立，社会与自然分离，万物开始割裂。华兹华斯呼吁“让自然当你的老师”Let Nature be your teacher，并痛斥将事物割裂的研究方法，Our meddling intellect /Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things:— /We murder to dissect. 并说“让科学见鬼去吧”Enough of Science and of Art。

The Tables Turned

Up! up! my Friend, and quit your books;

Or surely you'll grow double:

Up! up! my Friend, and clear your looks;

Why all this toil and trouble?

The sun above the mountain's head,

A freshening lustre mellow

Through all the long green fields has spread,

His first sweet evening yellow.

Books! 'tis a dull and endless strife:

Come, hear the woodland linnet,

How sweet his music! on my life,

There's more of wisdom in it.

And hark! how blithe the throstle sings!

He, too, is no mean preacher:

Come forth into the light of things,

Let Nature be your teacher. 

She has a world of ready wealth,

Our minds and hearts to bless—

Spontaneous wisdom breathed by health,

Truth breathed by cheerfulness.

One impulse from a vernal wood

May teach you more of man,

Of moral evil and of good,

Than all the sages can.

Sweet is the lore which Nature brings;

Our meddling intellect 

Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things:— 

We murder to dissect. 

Enough of Science and of Art; 

Close up those barren leaves;

Come forth, and bring with you a heart

That watches and receives.

To Nature

人与自然割裂，逃离社会才能摒弃物质，拥抱自然。梭罗就做了这么彻底的一次实验。《瓦尔登湖》这一场展示了梭罗对自然和人类社会的理解。人类总想着拥有，劳作，殊不知自己拥有的一切均在自然中，而自然并不属于自己，也许那些贴上标签的自然，如果谈到所有权，观察和热爱它的诗人更像它的主人。梭罗的行为和思想太先进，在一百年后，当逃离社会、拥抱自然变得如此迫切，他才开始被人们所重视。现在的我们，对《瓦尔登湖》的共鸣是最多的。