英语语法概述
简单句
一、 what is 简单句?
二、简单句的分类
主谓结构
主谓宾结构
主系（谓）表结构
主谓双宾结构
主谓宾宾补结构
1. 主谓2. 主谓宾3. 主谓表主谓宾和主谓表的区别：主谓宾的谓语是实意动词，主谓表的谓语是系动词。系动词
be
感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, fell;
变化： become, get; (turn)
保持： keep, stay, remain;
4. 主谓双宾5. 主谓宾宾补
I bought him (is) a dog. 双宾It makes him (is) happy. 宾补
加be动词在两个词间，如果意思是对的，就是宾补，如果意思是不对的就是双宾。
三、句子的成分词性的问题1. 谓语1) 谓语的成分 不是所有动词都能当谓语，情态动词不能做谓语，实意动词和系动词才能做谓语。实意动词就是主谓宾，系动词就是主谓表。
光是实意动词或系统词不能做谓语，谓语还必须有时态。有时态的实意动词或系动词才能充当谓语。
2) 动词能不能多？谓语只能是动词，动词只能做谓语。所以我们要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词变为不是动词。分析长难句第一步先找到动词。变成不是动词有3种方法a. V + ing （主动）b. V + ed （被动）c. V + to do （目的）这三个共同的名字就非谓语动词。e.g.He beating my shoulder, saying nothing, departed.Loving me is hugging （embracing）me.
I love you, you love me. (错)I loving you, you love me. (对) 这种句型也叫做独立主格。两个子句的主语是不一致的。
什么叫独立主格？多个句子合并为一个句子的时候，多个句子间用逗号分隔，留一个句子的谓语动词存在，其他的句子的动词，全部改为非谓语动词。（这是用非谓语动词的方法合并句子，还有其他的方法，比如用连词，）
I am a teacher, I enjoy singing songs. （错）Being a teacher, I enjoy singing songs. (正确，主语一致，可省略。其实这也是独立主格的另外形式，分词作状语。）
3） 动词能不能少？绝对不能，当一句话需要动词而又没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，be动词没有意思。You mother must very beautiful. （错，没有动词，must是情态动词。）You mother must (be) very beautiful. （对）
I against you. （错，against 是一个介词）I am against you. （对）
谓语的总结：一句话当中，有且只能有一个有时态的实意动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。
二、主语1. 主语的成分能充当主语的成分： 名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句
从句就是：引导词 + 句子Handsome and strong are his nature. (错，handsome和strong是形容词，且后面不能加ing)Being handsome and strong is his nature. (没有动词而且需要加动词的时候，用be动词，且be动词没有意思。当非谓语动词充当主语的时候，谓语使用单数。)
2. 主语能不能少？答： 绝对不能。没有主语怎么办？
A) it (天气，温度有关）
B) there be 有(exist, remain, seem)There remain a sea of individuals have passion for me. (错）There remain a sea of individuals having passion for me. （对）
C) 被动当一句话没有主语，当想到使用人称代词主语，立即把它写成被动。作文中，所有用人称代词打头的句子，都可以考虑写成被动。Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.Confidence is claimed exceedingly crucial by an increasing amount of individuals.
以下3种情况没有被动：I) 当动词的后面有介词的时候，这个动词没有被动。(look at ..., go to school, etc.II) 所有的系动词都没有被动。（e.g. look, feel）III) 当have翻译成有的时候，没有被动.
D) 人称代词 (I, you, we)避免用人称代词当主语，这样的作文比较优美。If there seems a dream, glories （= success） are supposed to be attained.
三、宾语宾语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句
四、表语表语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句，形容词，介词短语 (I am in the room.)
时态略。
并列句
一、什么是并列句I love you, you love that dog. (错)I love you. you love that dog. (对)I loving you, you love that dog. (对)I love you but you love that dog. （对）
留一个作为主句，剩下全部作为从句。谁的意思最重要，作为主句，其他作为从句。Although I love you, you love that dog.
并列句：就是在两句话中间加个连词。
二、常见的连词1. 平行关系： and, not only...but also2. 转折关系： but, yet, while, whereas3. 递进（顺承）关系： then4. 因果关系： for, so; (because可以当连词，但是更多情况是做原因状语从句的引导词, therefor常做副词使用)5. 选择关系： or
写作中，只要上下句中有逻辑关系，就要用逻辑关系词。逻辑关系词有：连词，副词，介词短语
逻辑关系词包括：连词，副词，介词短语平行：similarly, equally, likewise, at the same time转折：however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unfortunately, by contrast (=but)顺承：besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally因果： thus, therefor, as a result, consequently，subsequently选择：alternatively
Romance has evaporated but she still keeps the past in mind. （对）Romance has evaporated, but she still keeps the past in mind. （对）(当使用连词的时候，前面的句末加逗号没有关系）Romance has evaporated, by contrast she still keeps the past in mind. （错）(逗号不能连接两个句子；介词短语不能连接两个句子)Romance has evaporated. by contrast she still keeps the past in mind. (对）（逗号改成句号）Romance has evaporated, and by contrast she still keeps the past in mind. (对）（逗号改成句号）
连词和其他逻辑关系词的区别在于，连词前有无逗号均可。其他逻辑关系词前面一定是句号或者是加连词and。
There seem a host of companies coming from a long distance, and consequently I feel exceedingly delighted.
I failed to pass CET4. Consequently, I shed tears alone in the rain, and similarly, you came to me then beat my shoulder, telling me 'there seems no destination in life.'
名词性从句
一、名词能做什么成分？可以充当：主语，宾语，表语， 同位语
Teamwork plays crucial role on the road to glories.Teamwork, a Chinese conventional virtue, plays crucial role on the road to glories.
二、什么是名词性从句什么是从句？ 就是：引导词 + 句子（主语 + 谓语）
什么是名词性从句：1. What I saw is attractive. （主语从句）2. I appreciate what she said. （宾语从句）3. Gump is who we should learn from. （表语从句）4. I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky. （同位语从句）
名词在句子中能够充当什么成分，从句在句子中也能够充当什么成分，这就是名词性从句。主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。
三、名词性从句的引导词1. That he has got divorced is my fault.2. Whether has he got divorced is obvious. （错） Whether he has got divorced is obvious. （对）3. Who will he marry is a secret. （错） Who he will marry is a secret.（对）
按照从句的类型分为3类：1. that: 当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中没有意思，也不充当成分。2. whether: 当从句是一般疑问句时，whether在从句中不充当成分，但是意思可以翻译为“是否”。3. 所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时，所有引导词都充当了成分，并且有他确定的意思。
并且英语中所有的从句，都应该是陈述句的形式。
Why they left hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery. (错)(hometown是可数名词，可数名词永远不能单独使用)Why they left the hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery. (对)
Someday, one will find that career, kinship and friendship are more indispensable than romance.
The point seems when wealth become available for you. (错) (应该用将来时，注意：wealth不可数，所以become不要加s)The point seems when wealth will become available for you. (对）
That ladies tend to be right proves common knowledge. (从句做主语的时候，谓语用单数）
四、名词性从句在写作中的使用1) 主语从句满分句型是， 把主语从句放到句末，用it做形式主语。It... that ...It is apparent that... 显然易见，众所周知It looks beyond dispute that... 显而易见，众所周知It has been widely accepted that... 显而易见，众所周知It is universally acknowledged that... 显而易见，众所周知It keeps my argument that... = I think that... 我认为
2) 同位语从句The matter makes us delighted.The matter that he manages to find a girlfriend makes us delighted. (manage to 成功性很大，try to 成功性较小)
同位语从句既可以紧跟名词，也可以放到句后。
Nothing can hide the truth that he is getting old.
The news that her husband passed away spread the whole village. (错)The news that her husband passed away was spread the whole village. (对)
The truth demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors. The truth that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storm demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors. (错) (可数名词不能单独使用) The truth that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors. （对）
The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics. (表语从句）
The truth that I fail to be outgoing never (not) having passion for communicating with others manifests that the job doesn't fit me. Consequently, I make a decision to quit.
能用短语坚决不用单词
多句合并成一句的时候，可以使用：连词，独立主格（非谓语动词），从句。The most urgent problem is that superiors should be on alert, inspiring their kids to take part in meaningful activities to become a part of the class.
定语从句
一、什么是定语二、定语的成分1. 形容词2. 名词3. 介词短语 The n out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster. （介词短语一定放在后面）4. 非谓语动词 The singing n lost his life.5. 从句6. 代词 my, you, his
三、定语的位置定语的位置：前小后大，当一个单词放在名词前，多个单词放在名词后。
The youngster grasp romance was declined. (错)The youngster grasping romance was declined.
A rose as white as clouds remains available for me.
The discarded rose looks red.
This proves a fiction about n and rose.
四、定语从句1. 构成: n + 引导词 + 句子2. 引导词b) 物：that, which, whose (what 一般引导同位语从句）c) 时间： that, which, whend) 地点： that, which, wheree）原因：that, which, why
a) 人: who whom, whose, （that也可以，但用在非正式文体中）
I will never forget the day when I met you. (that = which, 在定语从句中) (不能是that，因为是一个代词，而从句不缺主谓宾）I will never forget the day that we spent.
You had better have no reason why you are late. (从句完整，不用that, which, 他们是代词，从句不缺成分。可以用副词)要看两个词1) 先行词2) 引导词能在从句中充当的成分
定语从句的引导词，还可以按照引导词本身的词性来分类：1）代词 （在从句中，一定要充当主语或宾语的成分，who, whom, that, which）2） 副词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分(主谓宾)，where, when, why）3）形容词（在从句中修饰离他最近的那个名词， whose）
The senior citizen passed away on the day when her son arrived.
The gift that the prince sent to me (介词短语不能做宾语) never fails to fascinate me.The gift sent by the prince never fails to fascinate me. (不用定语从句改写后）
五、定语从句的特殊用法1. 如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话，人不用who, 只能用whom，物不用that, 只能用which.I will never forget the day I met you on.I will never forget the day on which met you. (介词后面只有用名词，代词which也是名词。)
Old fish is a man we should learn from.Old fish is a man from whom we should learn.
2. that引导的定语从句，如果在从句中充当宾语，that可以省略。3. 区别the same...as; the same...thatHe is the same man as I love. （as翻译成像）He is the same man that I love. （that翻译成是）
4. 区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制：先行词和引导词间没有逗号。非限制: 。。。有逗号。
限制和非限制定语从句，在分析长难句的时候，非限制性相当于插入语，可以不看。I love Liu, who is gorgeous.I love Liu who is gorgeous.
5. Which引导的非限定定语从句，可以修饰前面整一句话。As也可以。但是As可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。which只能放在句末。Respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue, which has been known for years.Respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue, as has been known for years.As has been known for years, respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue.
最好用which, as还需要进行判断是不是状语从句。
六、定语从句在写作中的使用
作用主要是可以把句子拉长。长短结合。长的尽量不要超过25个单词。Raising pets can reduce loneliness.Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness.Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness of senior citizens.Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness of senior citizens who have no offspring to take care of them.
Reading books can decrease pressure.Reading books such as Little Prince, Gone with the Wind and I have a Dream can decrease pressure.Reading books such as Little Prince, Gone with the Wind and I have a Dream can decrease pressure of all children and adults.
Wuzhen lying near the river from BJ to HZ is a water town of ZJ province.
多句写为一句I went to the library yesterday. A girl sat in front of me. Her boyfriend looked like Wu.I went to the library yesterday. A girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu.I going to the library yesterday, A girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu. (错，went变成going是不行的，可以加when变为状语从句)When I went to the library yesterday, A girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu. (对)
方法有：a. 非谓语动词（独立主格）；b. 加连词；c. 从句
He appearance looks indecent.He whose appearance looks indecent keeps noble in his mind.
Those who have spared no efforts to realise their dreams fail to feel pitiful although he they never succeed, which is of great significance.
Students failing to concentrate in class but wishing to pass the examination find that the consequence is less impressive.
状语从句
一、什么是状语
状语就是在一句话当中，修饰实意动词，形容词，副词，以及整个句子的成分就是状语
二、状语的成分1. 副词2.介词短语3. 非谓语动词。He runs, smiling.4. 从句
形容词只作两个成分：表语，定语；形容词只能修饰名词；副词可以修饰任何成分，除了名词不能修饰。
三、状语的位置状语的位置可以随便放。
四、状语从句引导词：becausewhereseeing that （因为...）...
状语从句的引导词，是按照引导词本身意思分类。
1. 时间： when, while (当while翻译成“当...的时候”，从句必须用进行时态; while还有“但是”，“虽然...尽管”), as, before, after, since, the moment(可以当引导词，翻译成“一...就” = as soon as), by the time, until, not...until
a. 状语从句时态的问题:When romance comes, I will hold her hands.在所有状语从句中，如果主句的动作和从句的动作都未发生的话，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来（主将从现）。
When love came, I failed to hold her hands.已经发生，改用什么时态就用什么时态。
b. 区别until和not untilI will depart until she comes. (错）I will not depart until she comes. (对） depart是短暂性动词I will wait until she comes. (wait是延续性动词)
看主句的谓语动词是短暂性谓语动词，还是延续性动词，如果是瞬间动词就用not...until, 如他是延续性动词就用until.I didn't realise the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
When I was a kid, I enjoyed his songs. When a kid, I enjoyed his songs. (when引导的时间状语从句，如主句和从句主语一致，并且从句有be, 此时，从句的主语和be动词可以同时省略。)
2. 地点:whereThe tree grows healthily in wet places.The tree grows healthily where it is wet.
做地点的状语一般都是介词短语，很少是从句。
3. 原因:A. because, as, in that; seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, since (有“因为”的意思，也有时间的'自从...以来'的意思)B. for （连词）C. because of; due to; owning to; thanks to; for the sake of; as a result of; (都是介词短语，后面跟名词，不能跟句子)
e.g.He had a car accident because he was careless. （连词）He had a car accident for he was careless. （连词）He had a car accident because of his careless. (介词短语）He had a car accident because of being careless. (非谓语动词）
4. 目的:A. to; in order to; so as to; + 动词原形B. so that, in order that + 句子
We will ascend higher so as to overlook farther (far的比较级）. （接动词） We will ascend higher so in order that we overlook farther. （接句子）
5. 结果:so...that, such...that 如此...以至于so后面跟形容词或副词such后面跟名词
只要出现形容词或副词的地方，都可以写成so...that, such...that句型.Life proves so short that every moment ought to be cherished.
6. 让步:although, though, even though, even if, as, while
特殊用法：while 翻译成“虽然，尽管”意思的时候，只能放在句首。as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首，构成部分倒装。As he looks young, he keeps/becomes knowledgeable.Young as he looks, he keeps/becomes knowledgeable.
Pets, in the evening, exert great influence on the rest of their owners and neighbours although they might accompany senior citizens.
7. 方式:as, the way, as if/though 好像，似乎 （方式状语从句的引导词）
She looks as if she were made of ice. (用were表示虚拟语气）She talks with me as if she were my mother.
方式介词短语（by/by means of/...）
8. 条件:suppose that（假设）, supposing that，if, unless, provided that（= if）, as long as (只要), so long as（只要）
I will never give up so long as there is a ghost of hope.
9. 比较:A. as...as... 从句的引导词
You are as beautiful as me. (错， 因为没有从句)You are as beautiful as I am. (对）You are as beautiful as I. (对）
B. 比较结构 thanYou are more beautiful than I.
五、状语和状语从句在写作中的作用I love you.I love you virtually. (副词）I love you for my whole life. （介词短语）
作文中任何一句话的旁边，都可以加一个状语的成分，把句子拉长。
One can live as a pig lives does, on the contrary, you He will never be as delighted as it.
Because Teachers' Day approaches, I, by the chance, show my appreciation to teachers offering me first aid.
Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feeling of others can be ignored. (Wearing my own shoes是非谓语动词做主语，谓语用单数）
It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to these who spare no efforts, which looks beyond dispute. (beyond dispute, 显而易见的)
My meaning is that environmental contamination becomes a universal issue throughout the world.
句子加长：I love my mother.I, a youngster on campus, love my mother.I, a youngster on campus, love my mother who gave me life.Although she enjoys play Majiang, I, a youngster on campus, love my mother who gave me life.