医学美图:消化内镜基础
【内部学习资料】
【供初学者参考】
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食管全长20-25cm,经颈部、纵膈、腹部。距门齿15-18开始至42-46cm。直径约15-25mm。入口处、气管分叉处、膈肌裂孔处存在食管的三个生理狭窄,为食管癌的高发部位,亦为食管异物容易坎墩之处。
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胃为一囊性器官,上接食管下续十二指肠,分为胃底、胃体、胃角及胃窦几部分。胃体可分为上部中部及下部。胃内存在三种胃腺,贲门腺、胃体(底)腺、幽门腺。贲门腺及幽门腺主司分泌粘液,胃体(底)腺主司分泌盐酸,为酸性胃液的主要成分。
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十二指肠分为球部、降部、水平部及升部等几部分,向下延续空肠。球部为溃疡好发部位,水平部内侧存在十二指肠乳头,为胰胆管共同开口处。
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大肠可分为直肠、乙状结肠、降结肠、脾曲、横结肠、肝曲、升结肠、盲肠等及部分。盲肠顶端可见阑尾开口,内侧可见回盲瓣,为回肠与结肠交界处。
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结肠于直肠、脾曲、肝曲三处为腹膜间位器官与腹腔相对固定,而乙状结肠、横结肠为腹腔内位器官,相对游离,故行肠镜检查轴短缩拉直的情况下可呈“?”形态。
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