古时豪宅户部山
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户部山古民居位于徐州市户部山历史文化街区,由全国重点文物保护单位余家大院、翟家大院、郑家大院、刘家大院和市级文物保护单位权谨牌坊五个明清时期古院落组成,占地9000余平方米,共有房屋260余间,是一处以收藏、展示、研究和传承徐州地区文化遗产为目的的专题性展馆。现为国家4A级旅游景区。
“穷北关,富南关,有钱的都住户部山”,是徐州流传很广的一首民谣。
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为避黄河水患,一些官绅富贾不惜重金在户部山周围择地建宅,中等富户也争相效仿从。从明末至民国初年的几百年间,户部山周围高宅大院密布,民居鳞次栉比。其中既有甲第官宦之家,也行富商之宅、书香门第。这些古建筑依山就势,参差错落,构思巧妙,形成了独特的建筑风格,是苏北乃至苏鲁豫皖接壤地区少有的一处古民居建筑群。
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户部山古民居既有北方四合院的规整划一,又有南方民居的曲折秀美。
墙体多用青石与青砖,梁架用材硕大,雕梁面栋,琢刻精细。并有“里生外熟”及“鸳鸯楼”等独特的建筑方式。所谓“里生外熟”是指垒砌的墙体分为两层,外层为砖砌的清水墙,内层为土坯,这种建造方式既降低了造价,也能起到很好的保温作用,使房间内冬暖夏凉。鸳鸯楼的建筑形式仅国内仅有,由于户部山古民居多依山而建,可谓地无三尺平,为充分利用地形地势,减少工程量,在落差较大的地方,建造了这种独持的鸳鸯楼。这种楼分为二层,上下叠压,底层墙体部分利用了原有山体,楼内天梯,楼上楼下的门朝向相反,反映了徐州人改造自然、利用自然的聪明才智,是徐州人在建筑史上的一个创造。
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户部山位于徐州老城南门外,原名南山,是徐州城外最近的制高点,是控制徐州城的要地。早在秦汉之交,西楚霸王项羽就在此山上筑台演兵、秋风戏马。
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摄影:阮忠,网名:山风,中国摄影家协会会员,先后全程参与了2014南京青奥会、2015和2016年南京马拉松、2016年世界速度轮滑锦标赛等官方摄影工作。