女生早恋=容易退学?统计不显著背后的集体叙事力量

荐读:Frye, Margaret. 2017. “Cultural Meanings and the Aggregation of Actions: The Case of Sex and Schooling in Malawi.” American Sociological Review82(5):945–76.

不管是定量学者,还是定性学者,一眼都能看到ASR这篇文章标题中的张力:

——定量学者会看the aggregation of actions,比如收集和累积调查对象的数据跑回归

——定性学者讲故事,当然要看cultural meaning

再多看一眼副标题,就知道这个故事是在谈两个变量间的关系,自变量是sex相关的,因变量是schooling相关的,数据/田野在非洲的Malawi。

但是,Frye把这两个连接在一起,就变得非常难办:Cultural Meanings and the Aggregation of Actions,谁说得算,怎么衔接?

Frye从我们做研究中常见的问题出现:有时,文化意义和行动的累积模式之间不是一样的。比如,人口学家会得出人口变动的模式,以说明某种文化或信仰还被维持(如生育率—>生育文化),但是跑去田野一访谈,生育文化可能已经变化了。反过来也是一样,所以Frye说:

How can cultural meanings simultaneously diverge from and contribute to aggregate patterns of action?

一、性关系—>辍学:两种文化图式与三种集体叙事

Frye要研究的是sexual relationships and schooling exitsin Malawi. 也就是有性关系的学龄女生,更容易退学。但真的是这样吗?

Frye去了Malawi的田野,大家都会这样说,比如:Many people in Malawi believe that sexual relationships lead to dropout because they trigger reduced ambition and competing allegiances, rendering women unfit for school

Frye发现,当地对于女性有性关系会导致辍学这件事,有两种图式和三种集体叙事

Schema1:性关系和学校教育间的对立关系:越容易有性关系,越容易离开学校

Schema2:女性脆弱性和性诱惑方面的正相关性:女性太脆弱,容易受到性诱惑方面影响

为什么会有这样的文化图式呢?

马拉维的特点是早婚和普遍都会结婚:到2016年,女性首次在17岁左右发生性行为,平均结婚18岁。但是,由于艾滋病的流行以及宗教领袖,新闻媒体和非政府组织广泛宣传禁欲,青少年的性经历充满紧张。马拉维青年面临道德压力,要避免性关系。

同时,马拉维的教育落后,学费的家庭支持不多,基础设施差和教学质量差,许多学生经常会留级或晚上学,结果可能上小学时候都十几岁了。

这两套图式中的因果性,是怎样被action在生活中塑造出来的呢?collective narrative,有三种:

Collective narrative 1:女生有了性关系,就更想和伴侣在一起,就会更容易缺勤上课,结果成绩下降,最后退学。

Collective narrative 2: 女生有了性关系,就容易上课走神,结果成绩下降,最后退学。

Collective narrative 3:女生有了性关系,会容易受到性吸引,容易怀孕,最后不得不退学。

二、量化分析:文化图式/集体叙事上明确,但真的统计显著吗?

如果只看性关系和辍学率,Only 6 percent of person-waves when female students were single were followed by a school exit, compared with over 20 percent when female students were in sexual relationships (difference significant, p < .001).

但是,如果按上述的集体叙事的方式来仔细统计,就发现不显著。Frye通过统计:性关系、成绩表现、出勤率、辍学率等数据,得出:上述的三种集体叙事都得不到统计显著性支持。例如有性关系的女性和没性关系的女性,缺席率分别为31%和30%(p >.1)。

三、文化图式的集体叙事建构:老师、父母和学生

为什么统计上不显著,但大家仍坚持同样的文化图式与集体叙事呢?那么要看这些叙事是怎样在实践中呈现和再生产的。

为此,Frye调查了老师、父母、学生三类群体。

1. 教师:严厉惩罚那些被他们怀疑处于恋爱关系中的女学生,以致女生难以忍受会更容易辍学。

2. 父母:认为性关系(接近婚姻了)的女学生,自己会另谋经济收入(如找生活或结婚),会减少教育投资,没学费当然只能离开了。

3. 女生:感觉自己完成教育目标的话,前景黯淡,会将性关系视为一种退出学校并寻求通往成年期的替代途径。

Schema1

确实Schema1被大多师生所分享,认为性关系和学校教育是对立矛盾的,大多会用一句谚语:youcan’t feed the heart and the brain at the same time

Schema2

也被大家共享,会这样说女生太naïve,容易受到性方面诱惑

Mrs. Mwanza:

Girls are naïve.They can be told something, then they just follow what the friend is doing which is not good. .. . Now, this girl, if she is not helped, at this age there is a tendency to seek that love that she needs. . . . So where does she get it? She can get it either from the friends, but oftentimes these days she can get it from the boy.. . . In that case you find that the girl is weak in her studies.

Collectivenarrative 1:性关系=缺席=成绩差=退学

61%的教师和42%的学生谈到这个叙事,但也反映了教师的“集体怀疑”,比如:

Teachers also mentioned trying to observe when two students were absent on the same day. Forexample, Mr. Banda said, “sometimes we notice that this girl is always absent from class on the same days as this boy, and then we suspect that something ishappening” (nine teachers in my sample described this type of surveillance ofattendance patterns).

Collectivenarrative 2:性关系=走神=成绩差=退学

在与教师的访谈中,75%讨论了这个故事。七位老师通过描述欲望与学习之间的生物性不相容性——“在这个年龄段,他们的身体和大脑仍然在发育,他们无法控制他们的性冲动。”

但是,老师的怀疑实际上是一种惩罚,比如,不许学生来上课。学生被惩罚之后,更容易缺席和走神。例如:在学生受访者中,42%的受访者表示因性关系(真实或怀疑)而受到惩罚。反过来,这些先发制人的惩罚有助于女孩在进入性关系后离开学校的模式。

Collectivenarrative 3: 性关系=怀孕=退学

Tiwonge, an18-year-old who became pregnant during her first year of secondary school,described this idea:

Tiwonge:

It did not take much time for the relationship to reach its maximum point, the point of noreturn, when we started having sex together, and that is when I got pregnant.And now I can see that the advice [my sister] gave me was true. I havedisturbed my education, and even though my mother agreed to watch the baby, my brother has refused to pay for my school fees, saying that he can’t trust meand maybe it will happen again.

When teacher ssuspect a student is pregnant, they take her to the hospital to be tested. If the test is positive, she must leave school immediately.

这里可以看到,性关系会导致家庭中止教育投资。大多数教师和学生指出,父母们会因孩子的性关系而拒绝支付学费。

在父母的教育投资中止和老师的怀疑和先发制止人的处罚之下,学生很容易想到如何退出和寻找新的出路:许多受访者女生将性关系描述为一种放弃学业、走向社会、迈向成人的手段,他们往往会动摇自己再留在学校的信心。——性关系,是一种出路。

Jennipher:

I was feelinglike there wasn’t anything good that would come of school. I was lacking somany things, and when it came time for examinations, I did not have money. AndI was in [8th grade]—next would be [secondary school] fees, and there was nomoney for that. So I thought, let me just find a man. I wasn’t feeling hope about school; that is why I saw that I should better be having relationships.

四、理论总结:行动模式、先发制人与道德因果性

回到标题,如何看待Cultural Meanings and the Aggregation of Actions

首先,Frye强调集体叙事的衔接二者的作用。因为集体叙事是将事件按照一致的顺序排列,制造出情节,而这些集体情节,甚至被允许和现实发生有所脱离,以回应文化图式的规范要求。

其次,cultural understandings structure how we intervene in the lives of others.文化图式会影响行动模式,尤其是以自证预言的作用。这种自证预言会将虚假变成真实。而这样的行动模式会使我们的行动对他人造成影响,比如老师、父母、学生的自证预言会造成相互强化作用。

再者,先发制人,防止往文化图式中与共同信念相反的方式

cultural understandings lead people to act preemptively in ways that sustain theirshared beliefs.

如上,当教师遇到一个他怀疑有性关系的学生时,他不太可能再相信她的教育成长取决于她的努力了,而是以要及早遏制性关系的不良影响,已错误地假定并影响其后果。

最后,道德因果性

narrative accounts often hinge on a moral modelof causality, which obscures the consequences of preemptive actions andprovides crucial reinforcement for the schemas.

这是因为集体叙事中具有道德成分,因而会带来惩罚的提前安排和边界巩固和诉求,误导了我们的注意力,忽视现实发生的情况。

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