过量食用马铃薯和谷类食物增加患心脏病风险
2016年9月27日，瑞典《食品与营养研究杂志》在线发表捷克马萨里克大学的研究包噶，发现不管用什么方式做的马铃薯食品，都不能过多食用，否则将会对健康产生危害，增加患心脏病的风险。谷类食品也被视作一种潜在的“问题”食物。不过该研究显示，食用高脂肪乳制品可以有效减少“问题”食物带来的危害。
该研究在42个欧洲国家中进行，主要针对饮食习惯和心血管疾病进行测试，时间长达16年之久，研究结果与当前政府的营养指南截然不同。研究者表示：要在该研究的基础上提出新的营养指南建议，改变饮食习惯并降低碳水化合物负担。
目前，心脏病风险基于有缺陷的数据得出，该研究与广为接受的饮食知识相悖。同传统上所认为的一样，消耗乳制品和肉类与心脏病无任何相关性。最大的问题是谷类、小麦和马铃薯，这些都会增加心脏病风险。
该研究与来自其他各国的研究数据做了对比，结果显示，碳水化合物消耗最高的地区，也是心脏病高发地区，心脏病病例中最明显的表现模式就是患者食物中有大量马铃薯和谷物。而心血管疾病患病率低的国家，通常都喜欢食用富含脂肪和蛋白的食物。
该研究表明，高脂肪的乳品，特别是奶酪，可以有效预防心脏病。柑橘类水果、红酒、坚果、橄榄油、蔬菜，这些传统的“地中海式”饮食的组成部分，也被视为可以有效保护心脏。
2016年5月17日，《英国医学杂志》发表过一项研究（Potato intake and incidence of hypertension: results from three prospective US cohort studies. BMJ. 2016;353:i2351），也指出马铃薯是患上高血压的重要原因。研究称，一周吃4次马铃薯非常有害，这将引发中风和心脏病。
2016年1月12日，《英国医学杂志》还发表过一项研究（Pre-pregnancy potato consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2016;352:h6898），指出妊娠前大量摄入马铃薯与妊娠期糖尿病风险高有相关性，使用其他蔬菜、豆类或全谷物食品代替马铃薯可降低风险。
Food Nutr Res. 2016 Sep 27;60:31694.
Food consumption and the actual statistics of cardiovascular diseases: an epidemiological comparison of 42 European countries.
Grasgruber P, Sebera M, Hrazdira E, Hrebickova S, Cacek J.
Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this ecological study was to identify the main nutritional factors related to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Europe, based on a comparison of international statistics.
DESIGN: The mean consumption of 62 food items from the FAOSTAT database (1993-2008) was compared with the actual statistics of five CVD indicators in 42 European countries. Several other exogenous factors (health expenditure, smoking, body mass index) and the historical stability of results were also examined.
RESULTS: We found exceptionally strong relationships between some of the examined factors, the highest being a correlation between raised cholesterol in men and the combined consumption of animal fat and animal protein (r=0.92, p<0.001). The most significant dietary correlate of low CVD risk was high total fat and animal protein consumption. Additional statistical analyses further highlighted citrus fruits, high-fat dairy (cheese) and tree nuts. Among other non-dietary factors, health expenditure showed by far the highest correlation coefficients. The major correlate of high CVD risk was the proportion of energy from carbohydrates and alcohol, or from potato and cereal carbohydrates. Similar patterns were observed between food consumption and CVD statistics from the period 1980-2000, which shows that these relationships are stable over time. However, we found striking discrepancies in men's CVD statistics from 1980 and 1990, which can probably explain the origin of the 'saturated fat hypothesis' that influenced public health policies in the following decades.
CONCLUSION: Our results do not support the association between CVDs and saturated fat, which is still contained in official dietary guidelines. Instead, they agree with data accumulated from recent studies that link CVD risk with the high glycaemic index/load of carbohydrate-based diets. In the absence of any scientific evidence connecting saturated fat with CVDs, these findings show that current dietary recommendations regarding CVDs should be seriously reconsidered.
KEYWORDS: BMI; food consumption; prevention; smoking
PMID: 27680091
DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31694
