低体重指数能否预测西方或亚洲成人患者的住院死亡率?

  • 住院患者的营养不良与临床结局恶化相关,包括死亡率、住院时间、再入院率增加。虽然一些方法已被建议用于确定营养不良,但是许多方法的缺点是需要花费很长时间和(或)不容易获得信息。体重指数(BMI)已被全球用于筛查超重和肥胖的受试者,世界卫生组织(WHO)认为体重指数<18.5kg/m²为体重不足。虽然体重指数水平通常在临床条件下可用,但是对于确定营养不良的低体重指数临界值尚未完全达成一致。

  • 目前诊断营养不良的3种主要方法来自主观全面评定(SGA)、营养饮食学会(美国营养师协会,A.N.D.)和美国肠外营养营养学会(ASPEN)、欧洲临床营养与代谢学会(欧洲肠外肠内营养学会,ESPEN)。虽然所有方法都考虑了体重减轻,但是只有ESPEN的定义包括了低体重指数临界值,以体重指数<18.5kg/m²表示营养不良,或者如果年龄<70岁体重指数<20(如果≥70岁体重指数<22)结合体重减轻>10%。2016年1月19日,全球营养支持学会领导会谈期间,亚洲代表质疑适用于亚洲和西方患者的低体重指数临界值是否相同、临床结局是否相似。

  2017年6月23日,美国肠外肠内营养学会《肠外肠内营养杂志》在线发表宾夕法尼亚大学、藤田保健衛生大学、中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院(于健春)、佛蒙特大学的系统回顾,对已经发表的西方和亚洲住院样本数据进行分析,以确定西方和亚洲的低体重指数现患率有何不同,以及低体重指数是否与住院死亡率增加有相关性。

  本系统回顾对2006~2016年以英文发表的文章进行了PubMed检索,检索词:BMI、malnutrition、adult、outcome、hospital、ICU,纳入调查西方或亚洲人群体重指数水平的研究,绘制森林图以确定低体重指数组与正常体重指数组的住院死亡率差距。

  结果,共有20项研究符合纳入标准:

  • 亚洲人与西方人相比,体重指数<18.5kg/m²的现患率较高(15%~20%比2%~7%)。

  • 在西方人群中,由于体重指数<18.5kg/m²罕见,故大多数研究不足以评价结局。

  • 体重指数<18.5kg/m²与≥18.5kg/m²的ICU患者相比,住院死亡率较高,而且亚洲人高于西方人(比值比分别为:1.78、1.42,95%置信区间:1.7~1.86、1.33~1.50)。

  因此,体重指数<18.5kg/m²是营养不良的可能筛查变量。由于低体重指数与西方和亚洲患者组的死亡率相关,故作者建议所有低体重指数的高风险人群都通过有效方法进行完整营养评定。

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print]

Does Low Body Mass Index Predict the Hospital Mortality of Adult Western or Asian Patients?

Compher C, Higashiguchi T, Yu J, Jensen GL.

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.

BACKGROUND: Some strategies for screening and assessment of malnutrition include a low but variable body mass index (BMI) cutoff, while others do not. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate published data for Western and Asian hospital samples to determine how the prevalence of low BMI is associated with increased hospital mortality.

METHOD: A PubMed search of the past 10 years (2006-2016) was conducted with the terms "BMI," "malnutrition," "adult," "outcome," and "hospital" or "ICU" for articles published in English. Studies that examined BMI levels among Western or Asian populations were included. Forest plots were constructed to determine the odds of hospital mortality in low versus normal BMI groups.

RESULTS: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. The prevalence of BMI <18.5 kg/m² was greater in Asian (15%-20%) than Western (2%-7%) patient groups. In Western populations, BMI <18.5 kg/m² was so rare that most studies lacked power to evaluate outcomes. Hospital mortality among ICU patients was greater for patients with BMI <18.5 than those with BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m² (Western: odds ratio, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.33-1.50]; Asian: odds ratio = 1.78 [95% CI, 1.7-1.86]).

RECOMMENDATIONS: BMI <18.5 kg/m² is a possible screening variable for malnutrition. Since low BMI was associated with increased mortality in Western and Asian patient groups, we suggest that all populations at risk based on low BMI undergo a full nutrition assessment with a validated method.

KEYWORDS: adult; body mass index; inflammation; malnutrition; mortality

PMID: 28644925

DOI: 10.1177/0148607117713182

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