解救妇女行动：拒绝卖身求鱼

A tall woman with a strong gaze is standing by the shores of Lake Victoria.

一位目光炯炯的高个女人站在维多利亚湖畔。

It's a busy morning.

这是一个忙碌的早晨。

Boats are coming in full of fish: Nile perch, catfish, tiny silvery fish called omena — aka the Lake Victoria sardine.

船只上满是鱼:尼罗河鲈鱼，鲶鱼，以及一种叫做青鱼的银色小鱼，也就是维多利亚湖沙丁鱼。

She has her eye on one boat in particular.

她特别看中了一条船。

Like the others, it's made of wood.

像其他的船一样，它是木制的。

It's about 30 feet long.

它大约30英尺长。

And it has a majestic white sail.

它还有一面雄伟的白帆。

"That is the first boat which we started with for No Sex For Fish," she says.

“这是我们开始了“拒绝卖身求鱼”运动以来的第一艘船，”她说道。

The woman is Justine Adhiambo Obura.

这位女士是贾丝廷·阿迪安博·奥普拉。

She's a big presence — full of energy and righteous indignation — in the village of Nduru Beach, population about 1,000.

在人口约1000人的恩杜鲁比奇村，她是一个重要的存在——充满活力和正义感。

Wearing bold prints and colors, she strides along the beach as if she owns it.

穿着大胆的印花和色彩，她在海滩上大步走着，仿佛自己是沙滩的主人。

Justine's life didn't turn out the way she'd hoped.

贾丝廷的生活十分不如意。

She once dreamed of being a doctor but dropped out of high school after she became pregnant.

她曾梦想成为一名医生，但在怀孕后高中就辍了学。

She has nine children, one of whom has developmental disabilities, and nine grandchildren.

她有9个孩子，其中一个有发育障碍，还有9个孙辈。

She has been a paid community health worker, counseling people who are HIV-positive.

她是一名受薪的社区卫生工作者，为艾滋病毒携带者提供咨询服务。

She's on the board of the local hospital.

她是当地医院的董事之一。

She owns some cows, chickens and goats.

她还养了一些牛、鸡和山羊。

And since 2011, she has been the head of the women's cooperative No Sex For Fish.

2011年以来，她一直担任着“拒绝卖身求鱼”组织的领导者。

It's a bold name.

该组织的名字十分大胆。

A revolutionary name.

是一个革命性的名字。

A name that tells you what Justine, now 61, and other women in the village have been fighting for years to change.

这个名字告诉你，现年61岁的贾丝廷和村里的其他女性多年来一直在努力改变什么。

Along Lake Victoria, the fish business is divided by gender.

在维多利亚湖边，渔业是按性别划分的。

Men own boats and go fishing.

男人拥有自己的船去捕鱼。

Women buy fish from them to sell at the market.

妇女从他们那里买鱼到市场上去卖。

The lake's fish population began dwindling in the 1970s because of overfishing and environmental problems — sewage and agricultural runoff in the lake, for example.

20世纪70年代，由于过度捕捞和环境问题，比如污水和农业径流，湖中的鱼类数量开始减少。

Fishermen weren't catching enough to supply all the women fishmongers.

渔民捕不到足够的鱼来供应所有的女鱼贩。

So the fishermen started offering a quid pro quo: Give me sex, and I'll make sure you get fish to sell.

于是渔民们开始提出一个交换条件:给我性，我保证你能钓到鱼。

In the local language, Luo, the practice is called jaboya.

在当地的语言中，这种做法被称为“贾博亚”。

Boya is the word for the plastic floater attached to the edge of a net.

博亚(Boya)这个词是指附着在网边缘的塑料漂浮物。

Ja means "mine."

贾表示“挖矿”。

The term is also used as a nickname for the fisherman who is part of the exchange.

这个词也是从事这种交易的渔民的别称。

For many women, the survival of their family depends on getting fish to sell.

对很多女性来说，她们家人的生存就要依赖于买鱼去卖。

So they felt there was no choice but to engage in jaboya.

于是她们除了参与贾博亚别无选择。

"I give my jaboya a plastic bag. He goes to the lake; when he comes out with the fish, that fish is mine," says Milka Onyango, a 40-year-old mother of six who is very open about the practice.

“我给了我的贾博亚一个塑料袋。然后他去了湖上；等他从湖里带着鱼回来时，那些鱼就是我的了，”米卡·奥杨歌说道，她是一名40岁的六个孩子的母亲，关于这种事她很看得开。

"I exchange sex; I get fish," she says.

“我利用性得到了鱼，”她说道。

"I don't care about getting HIV. Me, I need fish. I need earning to sustain my family."

“我也管不了得艾滋啥的。我需要鱼。我需要鱼来养活家人。”

She points to a young fisherman: "He's my jaboya."

她指了指一名年轻的渔夫：“他就是我的贾博亚。”

For the women and men who are part of the jaboya network, the risk of contracting HIV is high.

对于参与了贾博亚的男性和女性来说，患上艾滋的风险很高。

Fishermen typically travel from village to village and may have different sex partners at each location.

渔民会从一个村到另一个村去，在不同的地方会有不同的性伴侣。

The men may or may not know their HIV status.

这些男性可能知道也可能不知道自己的艾滋病感染情况。

They do not like to use condoms, the women say.

他们不喜欢使用安全套，女人们说道。

The result is that the fishing communities of Kenya have a high rate of HIV prevalence — 30% to 40%.

结果就是肯尼亚该捕鱼社区艾滋病的患病率高到吓人——30%到40%。

That's an enormous public health problem that the government is wrestling with.

政府正努力解决这个严重的公告健康问题。

Because of the lack of economic opportunities in small fishing villages, the women fish traders have been powerless to stop the practice.

因为小渔村利缺乏其他的经济机遇，这些卖鱼的女性没法停止这项活动。

And so they find themselves in a situation familiar to women around the world.

所以她们发现自己陷入了世界上很多女性都面临的困境。

"There's a spectrum of men having access to resources and power, and women doing what they need to do to get these resources, to move their careers, to feed their family," says Rebecca Fielding-Miller, an assistant professor in the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego, who's on the staff of the school's Center on Gender Equity and Health.

“到处都有这种男性拥有资源或权利，而女性不得不卖身去换取这些资源，去提升自己的事业或者养活家人这样的现象，”瑞贝卡·菲尔丁·米勒说道，她是加州大学圣迭亚哥分校医学院的一名教授助理，也是该校的性别平等与健康中心的一名员工。

She does research on transactional sex and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.

她在撒哈拉以南的非洲从事性交易和艾滋病的研究。

The spectrum is quite broad.

牵涉的范围很广。

In the U.S., she says, it may mean smiling at your boss and "putting up with more nonsense than we want."

在美国她说，这可能意味着要对老板微笑，“忍受比不堪入耳的骚扰话语”。

But in many places far from the shores of Lake Victoria, it can also mean a sexual encounter.

但在很多维多利亚湖边的地方，这也就意味着要进行性交易。

Justine has always been outspoken in her opposition to jaboya.

在反对贾博亚方面，贾丝廷一向勇于发声。

She remembers when she first started selling fish and a young fisherman said to her, "I don't want your money. You are so cute. What I want is just your body. "

她想起当她第一次开始卖鱼的时候，有一名年轻的渔夫对她说，“我不想要你的钱。你长得不错。我想得到你的身体。”

She was embarrassed — and infuriated: "I said, 'You are very stupid. How can you tell me that!' "

她当时很尴尬——也生气了：“我说，'你太蠢了。怎么能说出这种话来！’”

Justine was eager to see a change.

贾丝廷急于改变现状。

But what kind of change?

但要改变成什么样呢？

And how to make it happen?

又如何去改变呢？

Then came a momentous conversation with Dominik Mucklow, a Peace Corps volunteer stationed near Nduru Beach back in 2010.

2010年，他与驻扎在恩都鲁海滩附近的和平队志愿者多米尼克·穆克罗进行了一次重要的交谈。

Working with a local nonprofit called VIRED, the Victoria Institute for Research on Environment and Development, Mucklow periodically visited Nduru Beach and met the women there.

穆克罗与当地一家名为VIRED的非营利组织——维多利亚环境与发展研究所合作，定期访问恩都鲁海滩，并与那里的妇女见面。

One day, they all began talking about jaboya — how it worked, how much they hated it, how they wanted to stop it.

有一天，他们都开始谈论贾博亚——它是如何运作的，他们有多讨厌它，他们多么想阻止它。

Mucklow asked if they had any solutions.

穆克罗问他们是否有什么解决办法。

And then it came to them: What if they owned their own boats? And hired the fishermen to work for them?

这时他们突然想到：如果她们有自己的渔船呢？然后雇佣这些渔民为她们工作？

It was a mind-bending proposition.

这时一个突破性的提议。

"You know, our culture does not allow women to have boats," Justine says.

“你知道吗，在我们的文化里，以前是不允许女人拥有渔船的，”贾丝廷说道。

They can't even set foot in a boat.

她们甚至不能踏上船一步。

And now the women of Nduru Beach had this brainstorm.

现在恩都鲁海滩的女人有了这个革命性的想法。

"The seed just came from [us]," Justine remembers.

“这个主意是我们自己想的，”贾丝廷回忆道。

"We were like sleeping, and Dominik waked us up!"

“我们仿佛处于沉睡之中，而多米尼克唤醒了我们！”

The women were excited — but uncertain how to proceed.

女人们都感到十分兴奋——但又不知从何下手。

Mucklow told them he'd come up with a plan to get funds to, as Justine puts it, "empower women to come out from this selling sex for fish."

穆克罗告诉他们，他想出了一个计划来筹集资金，正如贾丝廷所说，“让妇女从这种为鱼卖身的行为中走出来。”

He was true to his word.

他说到做到。

He secured a grant from the U.S. government's largest foreign HIV program, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR.

他获得了美国政府最大的外国艾滋病毒项目——总统紧急救援计划的资助。

PEPFAR paid for the first round of six boats.

总统防治艾滋病紧急救援计划资助了第一批的六艘船。

A charity called World Connect issued three subsequent grants.

一家名为“世界连接”的慈善机构随后又发放了三笔捐款。

All in all, nine villages got boats — around 30 in total.

总体来说，有九个村庄都得到了这一的船——总共有约30艘。

They got nets as well.

她们也得到了渔网。

Another Peace Corps volunteer, Michael Geilhufe, helped provide business training.

另一位和平队志愿者迈克尔·吉尔胡夫帮助提供了捕鱼培训。

The women also got turquoise T-shirts that state their cooperative's name (and raison d'être) in Luo and in English: "NO SEX FOR FISH."

这些妇女还得到了绿松石色的t恤，上面用罗语和英语写着她们合作社的名字(和存在的理由):“拒绝卖身求鱼”。

For the women who got boats, the moment was transformational.

对于那些有船的女性来说，这是一个转变性的时刻。

Naomy Akoth, a widowed mother of eight, used to practice jaboya to obtain fish to sell.

娜奥米·阿可丝是一位有八个孩子的寡妇，她过去常常通过贾博亚来以获得鱼去卖。

She contracted AIDS from one of her sexual encounters.

她从其中一名性伴侣身上感染了艾滋病。

"I had some suicidal thoughts in my mind," she says.

“我曾动过自杀的念头，”她说道。

"I thought of taking rat poison and of taking my life away."

“我曾想过吃老鼠药一死了之。”

Her oldest daughter helped her through this awful time.

她的大女儿帮助她挺过了那段日子。

Then, through No Sex For Fish, Naomy got her own boat.

后来，通过“拒绝卖身求鱼”组织，娜奥米得到了她自己的渔船。

"I was very, very happy because my life changed," she says.

“我简直太开心了，我的人生从此改变了，”她说道。

"Even my children were happy because I was owning a boat." She and other members of the cooperative were making more money than before.

“我的孩子们也会我有了船儿感到高兴，”她和其他组织的成员们都比以前赚得多了。

There was another benefit as well.

好处还不止于此。

Even some women who didn't own boats were freed from jaboya: They could buy fish from the boat-owning women.

有一些没能拥有自己的渔船的女性也从贾博亚中解放了出来：她们可以从这些拥有渔船的女人们手里买鱼了。

One might imagine that the men in the community — the men who own boats and who fish — would not welcome female competition.

也许你会以为那些社区里的男人们—那些拥有渔船自己捕鱼的男人们—不会希望女人来参与竞争。

And there was opposition at first.

一开始也确实存在反对者。

"No, they didn't like it," Justine says.

“是的，他们不希望这样，”贾丝廷说道。

But she insists that views have changed: "They are seeing you can put food on the table; you can pay 100 or 200 shillings to put their kids in school. Now they are saying it's good for women to get empowered."

但她坚称观念已经改变了：“他们看到了我们也可以捕到鱼；我们也可以支付100到200先令让孩子去读书。如今他们也开始说女人有了权利是很好的了。”

And that's what a number of the men in the village told us.

这是很多村里的男性们告诉我们的。

They said that they are glad the women own boats and that they don't like the idea of women engaging in transactional sex to secure fish.

他们说真开心女人也能有渔船了，他们也非常憎恨卖身求鱼的行为。

They said that they don't want their mothers, their sisters, their wives or their daughters caught up in this practice.

他们说他们不希望自己的母亲，姐妹，妻子或者女儿去从事这样的勾当。

What's more, more boats mean more jobs for fishermen.

此外，更多的船意味着渔民们的工作也更多了。

"Justine is a good boss," says one fisherman who works for her.

“贾丝廷是个好老板，”一名为她工作的渔民说道。

"She encourages you."

“她会鼓励你。”

If a fishing expedition doesn't yield a lot of fish, he says, "she just tells you good luck next time."

加入有一个渔夫没能抓到很多鱼，他说，“她也仅仅说一句下次好运。”

But not every man is convinced.

然而，并非所有的男性都接受这种转变。

Brightone Otien, who's 19, says he worries that "the women will come and take the fish."

布莱斯通·欧廷，19岁，他说他担心“女人们以来会把鱼都抓走了。”

Meanwhile, he himself admits that he does jaboya — he'll find a quiet place by the beach to have sex with a woman before giving her a supply of fish.

同时，他自己也承认他做过贾博亚——他会找个安静的地方跟女人发生性行为然后再给她鱼。

When Justine hears Brightone talking about jaboya, she is not happy.

当听到布莱斯通说起贾博亚时，贾丝廷很不开心。

She squares her shoulders and delivers a mini-lecture to the strapping teen: "By having so many sexual partners, he will endanger his life. He's just practicing sex, sex, sex. He will get an infection, and where will his life be?"

她端着肩膀给这位困惑的青年说了一番话：“有如此多的性伴侣，他会危机自己的生命。不断滥交会让他感染，到时候哪里还有人生呢？”

Brightone takes it all in and says, "I really congratulate her for the good advice."

布莱斯特都听进去了然后说道，“我真的很感谢她给我的建议。”

It is not clear, though, if her words had an impact.

不过这些话是否真的起作用还不得而知。

（本期结束，未完待续）

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