TE||The right way to do Brexit

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欧洲理事会主席:英“脱欧”方案纯粹基于幻想

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The right way to do Brexit

英国脱欧的正确方式

本文英文部分选自经济学人Leaders版块

Britain can “take back control” from Europe without cutting all ties

不用切断与欧洲的所有联系,英国也能从欧洲“收回控制权”

AS WE went to press, the cabinet was due to enter an extended session in order to hammer out what kind of Brexit is best for Britain. Ministers are at loggerheads over the relationship the country should have with the European Union. Time is short. With just over a year until Britain leaves the EU, leaders of the 27 other member states, who will meet in March, are frustrated. Britons on both sides of the Leave/Remain divide need to plan ahead. All they get is blather and contradictions.

截至发稿前,内阁已预定要延长会期,来敲定对英国最好的退欧方案。在国家与欧盟应维持什么样的关系的问题上,部长之间发生了短暂的争执。时间过得飞快,距离既定的脱欧时间(2019年3月29日)只剩一年多时间,欧盟其他27个成员国领导人将在3月举行会晤,他们对此都有些泄气。英国退欧和留欧派都需要提前计划,否则他们得到的只有胡扯和自相矛盾。

据法新社报道,英国政府表示,2019年3月29日脱欧后,仍希望在约两年内结束过渡期。但英国政府也在“讨论草稿”中表示,过渡期确切持续时间,“应依照支撑未来伙伴关系的新流程与新制度,需要多长时间准备和落实来判定”。

The government is groping towards a “hard” Brexit, leaving both the single market and customs union. The prime minister, Theresa May, seems to believe that this is the only way to honour the result of the referendum. On that view, a “soft” exit, into an arrangement closer to that of Norway, is unacceptable because it fails to secure the independence of the courts, the freedom to strike new trade deals and the ability to limit immigration. It would render Britain a “vassal state” that, to add insult to injury, would have to pay the EU a vast annual levy.

政府正在探索一条“强硬”的脱欧之路,彻底脱离欧洲单一市场和关税同盟。首相特里萨·梅似乎认为,这是履行全民投票结果的唯一途径。这样看来,“软脱欧”与挪威模式是不可接受的,因为它未能确保法院的独立性,达成新的贸易协议的自由以及限制移民的能力也未得到确保。这将使英国成为一个“附庸国”,雪上加霜的是,英国将不得不每年向欧盟支付大量的税费。

《英国脱欧派为何热捧“挪威模式”》http://world.huanqiu.com/hot/2016-06/9069099.html

Yet a closer look at Norway shows that this depiction of a soft Brexit is simply wrong. Mrs May is right to say that Britain will end up with its own model rather than copying anyone else’s. But instead of ignoring other countries, she should learn from them. And Norway, it turns out, is a good place to start.

然而,仔细观察一下挪威就会发现,对“软脱欧”的描述是完全错误的。特里莎·梅说得对,英国不应该模仿任何人,而要找到属于自己的脱欧模式。但也不是忽视其他国家,英国应当像他们学习。事实证明,借鉴挪威,确实是个不错的起点。

Think again

前思后想

In 1994 Norwegians voted against joining the EU, by the same narrow margin as Britain chose to leave it in 2016. Whereas the debate in Britain has been dominated by hardliners, Norwegians took that as a cue to compromise (see article).

1994年,挪威人投票反对加入欧盟,2016年英国选择退出欧盟,虽然支持派也仅以微弱优势取胜。尽管英国脱欧的争论一直由强硬派主导,但是挪威人将此看做一个妥协的信号。

Their country is outside the EU, but inside the single market, allowing it to trade freely with the continent. For Britain, by the government’s estimate, leaving the single market would mean that GDP 15 years after Brexit would be 3-6% lower than if it stayed in it. (Brexiteers counter this with rosy predictions for a hard Brexit, but their models are based on far-fetched assumptions, such as the total abolition of tariffs.) Norway set up carve-outs to keep control over areas it prized, such as farming and fishing. It agreed to follow most other EU rules, open its borders to EU migrants and make hefty annual payments.

政治上的挪威已经在欧盟之外,但是在单一市场,他们可以与欧洲大陆上其他国家自由贸易。按照英国政府的估计,脱欧意味着之后15年的GDP总量将降低3-6%。(脱欧者预测这条“脱欧”之路时使用的都是粗略的计算,他们估算依照的模式很牵强,比如假设了关税全部取消。)挪威将整个国家分区控制,以重视农业和渔业等重要领域。它同意遵守欧盟的大多数其他规则,向欧盟移民开放边界,并且支付巨额年费。

How does that square with Leavers’ demands? Start with the money. Per person, Norway’s contributions to the EU are about three-quarters of what Britain pays now. Rather than going into the central EU budget, most of the cash is tied to particular research or educational programmes, such as the Erasmus student exchanges, or sent to poorer countries in the form of grants that are controlled by Norway, not the EU. A country with $1trn in oil wealth may shrug off such payments more easily than one grappling with a budget deficit. But Britain has already said that it will pay for access to the single market and take part in specific programmes.

又该如何满足脱欧者所提的条件呢?首先是钱的问题。每个挪威人对欧盟的贡献约是英国人目前的四分之三。这些钱并非纳入欧盟的财政预算,相反,这些钱中的大部分都用来资助某些特定的研究和教育项目,例如伊拉斯谟斯学生交流计划,或者以财政拨款的形式资助较贫穷的国家,拨款由挪威主导,并非欧盟。挪威拥有高达一万亿美金的石油财富,支付这种小钱根本不屑一顾,相较之下,英国还在赤字中挣扎,支付这笔费用就显得捉襟见肘。但是英国已经扬言自己将会支付单一市场的入场费并且参与具体项目。

Next come EU laws. Mrs May has said Britain must escape the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Norway’s trade with Europe is instead governed by the court of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). As a matter of principle, the EFTA court’s rulings are advisory, and it lacks the power to fine member states that do not comply. Britain could expect to nominate a judge to the court, which it could not to the ECJ. As a matter of practicality, British exporters will have to follow the rules of the single market even if they are not in it.

接下来是法律。梅夫人放话英国势要脱离欧盟法院(ECJ)的管辖。相反,挪威与欧盟国家之间的贸易由欧洲自由贸易联盟(EFTA)法院来进行管理。原则上,欧洲自由贸易联盟法院的裁决仅起建议性作用,法院无权对违规成员国进行处罚。英国可以向该法院提名法官,但是却不能够向ECJ提名法官。考虑到可行性的问题,英国出口商还将必须遵循单一市场的规则,哪怕已经不在其中。

欧洲单一市场是指在欧盟内实现没有内部边界的一个区域,在这个区域内保证商品、人员、服务和资本的自由流动。在欧共体内部建立单一市场, 实现商品、服务、人员和资本像在一个国家内部一样的自由流动,是1957 年《罗马条约》6个签字国即欧共体创始国( 法国、意大利、比利时、荷兰、卢森堡和当时的西德) 创立欧共体的主要目标之一。[

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA/12750143

More important, Norway is not the “vassal state” that Brexiteers claim. It is involved in drawing up EU laws and regulations, particularly in areas such as energy, where it knows the ropes. It has no seat in the European Parliament or Council, but most regulations are passed without a formal vote. Instead they are negotiated in committees where what counts is expertise and knowledge. Both Norway and Switzerland wield influence in Brussels. Britain’s clout would be greater still, especially in areas that matter to it, like finance.

更重要的是,挪威不是脱欧者所声称的附属国,它参与到制定欧盟的法律法规,尤其是在它知之甚详的能源领域。挪威在欧盟议会或理事会没有席位,但它制定的多数法规未经正式表决也都已通过。这些法规只需要在注重专业技能和知识的委员会商议即可。挪威和瑞士对布鲁塞尔行使影响,而在欧盟比较关切的领域,比如说金融,英国的影响力则会更大。

It is the same with free movement of people. At least in theory, Norway might be allowed an emergency brake against a sudden upsurge in migration. In practice Britain could anyway take measures that are available under EU rules, such as restricting property purchases or expelling those who have not found a job after six months. Net migration to Britain is falling and worry about immigrants is subsiding. A majority of all voters, including a third of those who voted to leave, would accept free movement in return for free trade.

在人口的自由流动方面也是一样。至少在理论上,挪威可以对激增的移民数量以紧急刹车来管控,在实践中,英国无论如何也能采取一些欧盟规定允许的措施,比如房产限购或遣返那些在6个月内找不到工作的人。净流入英国的移民量正在下跌,对此的担忧也在减弱。大多数的投票者,包括三分之一投票脱欧的人,将会接受人口自由流动来换取自由贸易。

In one area, however, Britain would need a closer arrangement. Norway is not part of a customs union with the EU, so vehicles crossing at the border with Sweden and Finland are subject to checks. This would not suit Britain. Its borders are busier than Norway’s and its firms more integrated into European supply chains. Worse, customs controls in Northern Ireland would jeopardise the peace process, and hence the security of both British and Irish citizens. The government has ruled out a customs union with the EU, claiming it would preclude signing trade deals with third countries. That, too, is wrong-headed. The customs union applies only to goods; Britain would still be free to strike deals in services, which the government says is the priority in a longed-for deal with America.

但是在一个领域,英国需要做更进一步的安排。挪威不是欧盟关税同盟成员,所以在与瑞典和芬兰的边境上,车辆的通行要经过海关检查处的批准,这一点并不适用于英国。英国的边境要比挪威繁忙的多,并且英国的公司融入欧盟供应链的程度更高。更糟糕的是,在北爱尔兰自治区的海关控制将会危及和平进程,以及英国和北爱尔兰两地居民的安全。政府已经拒绝了欧盟的关税同盟,声称它将妨碍与第三方国家签订贸易,这也是一个错误的判断。关税同盟仅适用于货物,而服务贸易作为与美国之间长期协议的优先事项,依然能够自由的进行合作。

A final benefit is choice. Britain is leaving just as the EU is becoming a looser union of countries moving at different speeds. Euro-zone members are heading for closer integration; others outside it hang back. In a multi-speed Europe, being in the single market and the customs union would put Britain in an outer lane, rather than forcing it off the road altogether. Later, it could move closer or farther away, as it wished. To hardliners, who want out at any cost, this flexibility is dangerous. To pragmatists who accept that the future is uncertain, it is valuable.

“挪威模式”的最后一个好处在于选择权。英国脱欧的时机刚好也是欧盟成员国之间的关系趋向松散的时候,每个国家发展速度都不一样。欧盟成员国有待进一步融合,而非欧盟国家则畏缩不前。在欧洲各个国家发展速度不同,处于单一市场和海关同盟体系内,英国将处于外围地位,但不是完全从市场脱离。随后,英国可以选择靠近或者远离单一市场。无论要多少代价,英国政策强硬者都坚持要脱离欧盟,脱欧后的灵活性是危险的。但务实主义者认为未来本身就不确定,所以这份灵活性弥足珍贵。

And think a third time

思虑再三

A regime akin to Norway’s, fortified by a customs agreement, does not honour every promise made in the heat of the Brexit campaign. We know of no deal that could. But it would mean doing what Britain voted for: leaving the EU. This newspaper argued against that course. Now that the country is set on it, it needs a proven, workable model for being out of Europe’s political project but in its economy. Norway would be a good place to start.

英国社会制度和挪威相似,并受海关协议保护,在脱欧运动最为热烈时所作出的承诺,并不会一一实现。我们尚未知晓有哪个协议可以做到这一点。但是,这些协议都旨在实现英国公投结果,即退出欧盟。《经济学人》反对英国脱欧。既然英国决意退出欧盟,摆脱欧洲政治,但不摆脱经济联系,那么他需要一个可行的并可经受考验的脱欧计划。对此,挪威是学习的一个好榜样。

翻译组:

Cece,女,消防工作者,CATTI三笔

Jane,女,卫生民工,经济学人爱好者

Cyrus,男, 口译民工,经济学人爱好者

Wesley, 男,自由职业,经济学人爱好者

Alieen,女,大四数学狗,经济学人爱好者 

校核组:

Samantha,女,外企低管,邓伦未婚妻

Neil,男,外贸民工,经济学人镀锌粉

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观点 |评论|思考

本次观点由Evelyn独家奉献

Evelyn,女,英专研究生,经济学人爱好者

本文的核心观点是,尽管《经济学人》杂志反对英国脱欧,但是既然英国执意这么做,则应该学习挪威才是正确之举。关于英国脱欧的话题经济学人也讨论过多次,下面我们可以探讨以下几个方面,对英国脱欧有个更全面的了解:

一、英国脱欧的原因有哪些?有三大可能。

1、利益冲突不断加剧。由于历史与地理原因,19世纪晚期以来,英国一直奉行对欧洲大陆事务不干预政策,被称为“光荣的孤立”。英国并非欧元区国家,可以发行自己独立的货币,有利保持其出口竞争力,拥有自主的财政政策。但这使英国很难真正的加入欧洲大陆的事务处理。尤其是欧债危机的关键时期,由于各种利益分歧明显,这一传统强国正在逐步丧失其在欧盟中的地位与参与权。

2、相互猜忌快速发酵。英国保守党内部也有欧洲怀疑派,不仅如此,还认为欧盟内部的政策对于欧盟有负面作用,未来一些政策趋势也可能损害到英国的利益。而欧债危机的蔓延,不仅使英国的疑欧之心快速发酵,也加快了脱欧脚步。与之相对应,欧盟其他国家民众对英国的“不可靠”也日渐不满,认为英国作为欧盟的一员,在融入欧盟的过程中却表现消极,一直扮演着拖后腿的角色:它不仅否决欧元,不参加欧盟的危机救助方案,不为缓解危机出力,还反对一切金融监管政策,因此英国“出局”对欧盟的发展来说反而是好事,其他成员国在整合过程中受到的阻力会更小。双方的相互信任已经降到历史低点。

3、政治选票迫使公投民调显示,英国保守党的支持度一蹶不振,卡梅伦的“脱欧公投”言论或有助于其重新获得部分流向支持脱欧的独立党的选票。卡梅伦亦希望以此作筹码与欧盟谈判,获得对英国更为有利的成员国条件,意图在欧盟内分得更大一杯羹。

二、 英国脱欧的利与弊分别是什么?

利:

1、脱欧”之后,英国可以不必向欧盟缴纳每年数十亿到上百亿不等的会费。按照“脱欧派”的设想,省下的这笔钱可以贴补英国巨大的公共服务开支。

2、“脱欧”之后,英国就能大幅减轻对欧洲经济的援助义务,不必担心被日益严峻的欧债危机所拖累。更何况,欧债危机爆发后,欧洲大陆经济体要求加强欧洲政治联盟的呼声逐渐增强,而这正是英国最担心和抗拒的事情。

3、“脱欧”之后,英国可以摆脱欧盟在各个领域所制定的严格的生产标准和监管法规的束缚,从而降低生产成本。摆脱这些条条框框,英国中小企业的生产规模可以扩大,进而制造更多的就业机会。

4、“脱欧”之后,英国政府就不必再为那些来英国求学的欧盟学生提供贷款。省下的这笔钱,就能用来资助英国本地的学生或其他教育用途。

5、“脱欧”之后,英国政府就可以加强对边境的控制,减少移民的涌入。根据欧盟“人员自由流动”的原则,英国必须接纳外来移民。不断涌入的移民客观上占用了英国大量的公共资源,并抢走了本地人的就业机会。

弊:

1.在经济方面,英国退出欧盟不利于英国经济的发展,英国的经济利益无法得到应有的保障,经济利益方面将会损失很多。

2.在政治方面,尽管英国仍可通过联合国安理会成员、北约成员等角色发挥作用,但它不再能够通过欧盟成员国身份影响欧盟决策,不再能依托欧盟发挥超出自身实力的影响力。同时,它也有可能由于不再能够作为欧洲与美国之间的桥梁,而在一定程度上失去对美国的吸引力。退欧还很可能会导致英国的分裂。

3.在科研教育方面,一方面,英国的教育机构无法利用欧盟的教育科研经费,所以势必会对英国的高等教育水平产生很大影响,英国脱欧会影响研究经费与合作资源的获得,从而抑制国际资源合作活动的开展。

三、硬脱欧和软脱欧有什么区别?

[硬脱欧]即英国彻底脱离欧盟和欧洲单一市场。如此一来,英国会成为完全独立的主权国家,从食物标签方式到移民控管,英国都享有自主决定的自由。但企业认为,英国政府若进行[硬脱欧]路线,将打击该国贸易出口,使更多企业家举步维艰。经济学家指出,许多企业会在英国投资,正是因为其身在欧洲单一市场,疲弱的英镑也会动摇其在国际贸易体系中的地位,正正是[硬脱欧]的一大弊端。若英国与欧盟谈判脱欧导致[硬脱欧],将会出现的局面是,一方面英国离开欧洲单一市场,欧盟其他27个成员国将对英国竖起贸易壁垒;另一方面,英国实施硬性移民控制,包括对其他欧盟成员国实施严格控制。在这种情况下,英国金融业将遭受重大损失。

[软脱欧]是以确保英国能继续留在欧洲单一市场为首要。其好处显而易见,就是可以让英国保留单一市场成员身份,以换取一定程度的自由贸易,即货物、服务、资本和人员的流通自由。经济学家认为[软脱欧]会大大减低脱欧为英国经济带来的成本。但代价则是其将要接受欧洲人民自由进出英国,又不能于欧盟议会拥有话语权,大幅限制英国自身的独立决策自由。

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