20190724长难句 / 四六文摘

【回顾】

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

一些语言生成规则就足以揭开某种语言的全部基础结构，这就是儿童学习语言如此之快的原因。其次是Joshua Greenberg的（尝试），他采用了更经验主义的方法去研究语言中的普遍性，鉴别出许多语言所共有的特征（尤其是在语序方面），而这些特征被认为代表了认知约束所产生的偏好。

【今日长难句】

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

【首句结构解析】

1. 句子主干为主谓宾宾补结构，即：Gray and his colleagues / have put /them to the best；其中them 指代尚未中的Noam Chomsky和Joshua Greenberg.

2. by examining four family tress 为方式状语；that between them represent more than 2,000 languages 为定语从句，修饰four family tress.

【二句结构解析】

1. 首句主干为主谓宾结构，即：Chomsky’s grammar /should show/ patterns of language change;

2. that are independent of the family tree or the pathway为定语从句修饰 patterns of language change；tracked throught it为the pathway的后置定语，其中it 指代the family tree，the pathway tracked through it 译为追踪语系树谱图的路径。

2. 二句主干为主谓宾结构，即：Greenbergian university / predicts / strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

【词的处理】

colleague / ˈkɔli:ɡ; NAmE ˈkɑ:- / n. 同事

family tree家谱；家系图；系谱图

represent / ˌrepriˈzent / vt. 代表

pattern / ˈpætn; NAmE -tərn / n. 样式，模式

independent / ˌindiˈpendənt / adj. 独立的

pathway / ˈpɑ:θwei; NAmE ˈpæθ- / n. 路径

track / træk / vt. 跟踪，追踪

Whereas / ˌweərˈæz; NAmE ˌwer- / adv. 然而

co-dependence /kəudi'pendəns/ 共生；相互依赖

word-order adj. 语序的，词序

【参考译文】

Gray和他的同事们通过分析四个语系树谱图对这两种理论进行了检验，这些树谱图呈现了2000多种语言。乔姆斯基的语法本应体现不受语系树谱图或其演变路径影响的语言变化模式，而柏林伯格的普遍性理论可以推测出某些特殊语序关系之间有极强的相互依赖型。

【明日长难句】

Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals. It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression.

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