阿拉伯和伊斯兰哲学对拉丁西方的影响(上)
编者按:先发个【上】,【下】不知何时才能写出来,看我什么时候看得懂形而上学那部分吧。
一、传播
(阿维森纳更多是被作为一个神医,而不是哲学家被记住的)
(阿维罗伊,也就是西方思路的奠基者托马斯阿圭纳经常评注的人)
二、科学的划分
(伊斯兰世界的“至圣先师”法拉比,全名阿布·纳斯尔·穆罕默德·法拉比)
(中世纪,亚里士多德称为“第一哲学家”;法拉比称为“第二哲学家”)
三、逻辑
(奥卡姆的威廉最为著名的理论是他的奥卡姆剃刀)
(不得不提一句,很多人是奥卡姆的粉丝,比如我)
四、自然哲学
(一本关于夏特勒学派的书籍:Rethinking of School of Chartres)
(圣方济各)
4.1世界的永恒性
(出身于西班牙的哲学家,迈蒙尼提斯)
迈蒙尼提斯:中世纪犹太哲学家、医生、神学家,生于西班牙,后在埃及任萨拉丁的衔医,长期从事哲学研究、行医,他写的祷文也是带有中世纪的时代印记,但他爱医术、爱病人的精神,仍为今人所赞誉。
(以色列博物馆展出的迈蒙尼提斯的手稿)
(波爱修最为有名的作品《哲学的慰藉》)
4.2化合物中的元素
4.3自生自发的产生
阿拉伯占星学家阿尔布马扎(Abū Mashar--他更为人熟知的名字是拉丁化了的Albumasar),公元787年出生于伊朗的呼罗珊,起先以“哈迪斯”(hadīth)方面的专家开始其生涯;所谓“哈迪斯”,是关于伊斯兰教创立者穆罕默德(Muhammad)及追随他的那些创教者的传说,因此阿尔布马扎又精通伊斯兰教创立之前的阿拉伯历法和早期哈里发的年代学。但是对后世影响最大的则是他的占星学论著,以及他为占星学所作的哲学论证。《占星学之建立》(Kitāb ithbat ilm alnujum)一书是他惨淡经营的代表作,书中对占星学的有效性进行哲学论证,很大程度上是亚里士多德式的,不过这部著作已经佚失。他的其他一些著作则得以流传至今。在基督教的中世纪,他是被人引征最多的权威学者之一,在公元12世纪就有四部他的著作被译成拉丁文,阿尔布马扎这个拉丁名字在欧洲不胫而走。在一些欧洲人笔下,他成为一位先知。他向欧洲人介绍了他那种关于星辰能影响万物生死祸福的信仰;他还特别重视占星学与人类自由意志之间的关系;他也将月亮出没能影响潮汐的学说输入欧洲。他于公元886年辞世时,已成为欧洲文化史上的一位名人。
5. 心理学
罗杰(Gregor Reisch) 的主要作品是《哲学的珍珠》。它于1503年首次出现。这是一本为年轻学生所写作的百科全书式的书籍,包括十二卷,分别是拉丁语法、辩证法、雄辩术、算术、音乐、几何、天文、物理、自然历史、生理学、心理学和道德伦理。
5.1 判断
5.2 积极智能
5.3 四种智能
阿维森纳区分四中不同状态的人类智能,这四种不同的状态并不是灵魂的不同功能,而是智力的不同等级:三种潜在的智能,分别是物理性、习俗性(in habitu)和功能性(in effectu),以及一种真正思考的智能,即“获得的智能”(al-'aql al-mustafâd, intellectus adeptus)(编者注:也可以理解为天赋智能)。第一种智能仅仅是有能力去知道物体;第二种智能是可以懂得一些简单的公理,比如“整体比部分要大”;第三种智能是可以通过三段论去得出结论,但只能直觉知道假设,而不是去考虑这些假设;而“获得的智能”是当人类智能和积极智能相连接的时候出现的(De anima I.5)。这个理论对于经学哲学的智能理论有着深远的影响,特别是从冈迪萨尔维 (Dominicus Gundisalvi)到大阿尔伯特时期。经院哲学继承了阿维森纳的原则性观点,即人类智力可以区分成不同的发展阶段,以及在三段论推理中的不同作为。(Hasse 1999 and 2000, 191–200).
(维特根斯坦:罗素口中的“天才最完美的形式”。
我相信托马斯·阿圭那就坚决不会赞同他是获得天赋后,与神无二的人)
(《胜利》(The Triumph),中世纪有很多这一类反应托马斯·阿圭纳(就是图中占据面积最大的人)对阿拉伯哲学家阿维罗伊(卷缩在地上抱着书、带着头巾的就是阿维罗伊)的胜利)
5.4 阿维罗伊的统一性理论
(沉思的阿维罗伊)
5.5预言的自然主义理论
对于预言和奇迹的哲学理解是阿拉伯哲学的一个典型特点。拉丁西方对于法拉比(al-Fārābī)所谓的哲学家先知、伟大城市的领袖等概念并不熟悉,反而更熟悉阿尔肯迪(al-Kindī)和阿维森纳的理论。阿维森纳的预言的自然主义理论,它将预言描述为灵魂的卓越功能。这种观点被托马斯·阿圭那所批评。 托马斯承认确实有“自然的预言”,这是由于人类的想象力和智力与神圣体和天使接触的结果,但是“神圣的预言”只能完全依靠上帝,而不是人类灵魂足够进化,就可以有。 (Quaest. de veritate, q. 12, a. 1 and 3).
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