骨科英文书籍精读（300）｜膝关节韧带损伤的临床表现（1）
我们正在精读国外经典骨科书籍《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》，想要对于骨科英文形成系统认识，为以后无障碍阅读英文文献打下基础，请持续关注。
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Clinical features
The patient gives a history of a twisting or wrenching injury and may even claim to have heard a ‘pop’ as the tissues snapped. The knee is painful and (usually) swollen – and, in contrast to meniscal injury, the swelling appears almost immediately. Tenderness is most acute over the torn ligament, and stressing one or other side of the joint may produce excruciating pain. The knee may be too painful to permit deep palpation or much movement.
For all the apparent consistency, the findings can be somewhat perverse: thus, with a complete tear the patient may have little or no pain, whereas with a partial tear the knee is painful. Swelling also is worse with partial tears, because haemorrhage remains confined within the joint; with complete tears the ruptured capsule permits leakage and diffusion. With a partial tear attempted movement is always painful; the abnormal movement of a complete tear is often painless or prevented by spasm.
---from 《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》
重点词汇整理：
twist扭伤
wrench扭伤
heard a ‘pop’ as the tissues snapped听到软组织“啪”的一声断裂
meniscal injury,半月板损伤
meniscus/məˈnɪskəs/n. [解剖] 半月板
excruciating pain剧痛
/ɪkˈskruːʃieɪtɪŋ/adj. 折磨人的；使苦恼的
For all the apparent consistency, the findings can be somewhat perverse:尽管存在明显的一致性，但研究结果可能有些反常:
consistency /kənˈsɪstənsi/n. [计] 一致性；稠度；相容性
perverse /pərˈvɜːrs/adj. 倔强的，不通情理的，反常的
haemorrhage /ˈhemərɪdʒ/n. 大出血
rupture /ˈrʌptʃər/n. 破裂；决裂；疝气
leakage and diffusion泄漏扩散
/ˈliːkɪdʒ/n. 泄漏；渗漏物；漏出量
/dɪˈfjuːʒn/n. 扩散，传播
spasm /ˈspæzəm/n. [临床] 痉挛；抽搐；一阵发作
百度翻译：
临床特征
患者有扭伤或扭伤的病史，甚至可能声称在组织破裂时听到“砰”的一声。膝盖疼痛并且（通常）肿胀——与半月板损伤相比，肿胀几乎立即出现。压痛在撕裂的韧带上最为剧烈，对关节的一侧或另一侧施加压力可能会产生剧痛。膝盖可能太痛，无法进行深部触诊或大量活动。
尽管有明显的一致性，但研究结果可能有些反常：因此，完全撕裂的患者可能很少或没有疼痛，而部分撕裂的患者膝盖疼痛。局部撕裂时肿胀也更严重，因为出血仍然局限在关节内；完全撕裂时，破裂的包膜允许渗漏和扩散。对于部分撕裂，尝试的运动总是痛苦的；完全撕裂的不正常运动通常是无痛的或通过痉挛来阻止的。