TE|| Microdrones
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导读
RoboFly
(全球首款采用激光供电的无线飞行机器人)
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听力|精读|翻译|词组
Microdrones
微型无人机
英文部分选自经济学人Science and technology版块
The world’s lightest wireless flying machine lifts off
世界上最轻的无线(与下文相对应,应为无电线连接)飞行器升空
DRONES are getting ever smaller. The latest is the first insect-sized robot to take to the air without a tether delivering its power.
无人机越来越小,最新的是第一台昆虫大小的飞行器,它可以在无电线传输能量的情况下飞行。
To get their device aloft, Sawyer Fuller of the University of Washington, in Seattle, and his colleagues, who will be presenting their work at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation in Brisbane later this month, had to overcome three obstacles. One is that the propellers and rotors used to lift conventional aircraft are not effective at small scales, where the viscosity of air is a problem. A second is that making circuitry and motors light enough for a robot to get airborne is hard. The third is that even the best existing batteries are too heavy to power such devices. Nature’s portable power supply, fat, packs some 20 times more energy per gram than a battery can.
本月中下旬,西雅图华盛顿大学的索耶·富勒教授(Sawyer Fuller)和他的同事将在布里斯班举行的机器人与自动化国际会议上进行展示,为了能让无人机成功飞行,他们必须克服三大障碍。第一,令传统飞机升空的螺旋桨和转子尺寸太小,由于空气粘性问题,起不了作用。第二,让电路和电机足够轻以便机器人能够在空中飞行是很困难的。第三,即使是目前最好的电池仍然太笨重,无法为这些设备供电。自然界的便携式能量供应,脂肪,每克能量比电池多20倍。
In 2013 Dr Fuller, then at Harvard, was part of a team which overcame the first of these hurdles, making a robotic insect that weighed just 80mg. The team copied nature by equipping their device with a pair of wings which flapped 120 times a second (close to the frequency of a fly’s wing beat). They partly overcame the second hurdle by doing away with conventional motors and driving the wings using a piezoelectric ceramic that flexes in response to electrical currents. The third, however, stumped them. Their drone was powered by means of a thin cable—and this cable also served to send control signals from equipment too heavy to be installed on the drone.
2013年,当时在哈佛大学的富勒博士所在的研发团队克服了第一个障碍,制造出重量仅为80mg的昆虫机器人。该团队模仿自然生物,在昆虫机器人安装了一对每秒振动120次(接近蝇翅跳动频率)的机翼。他们在一定程度上克服了第二大障碍,抛弃了传统的马达,改用压电陶瓷来驱动机翼以响应电流。 然而,第三个问题难倒他们了。他们的无人机通过一根细电缆供电—这种电缆还用来传输因为太重无法安装在无人机上的设备发出的控制信号。
压电超声马达是利用压电陶瓷的逆压电效应产生超声振动,将材料的微变形通过共振放大,靠振动部分和移动部分之间的摩擦力来驱动,无需通常的电磁线圈的新型微电机。
与传统电磁马达相比,具有成本低、结构简单、体积小、高功率密度、低速性能好(可以实现低转速运行而不用减速机构)、转矩及制动转矩大、响应快、控制精度高,无磁场和电场,没有电磁干扰和电磁噪声等特点。
Dr Fuller and his new colleagues have now—almost—cracked the remaining problems. They have made the electronics which flap the wings lighter, by cutting the circuitry from copper foil using a laser, rather than printing the pattern onto a base. They have also added an 8mg solar cell to their device. Focusing a laser on this cell lets them power the robot without wires. They have dubbed their gizmo “RoboFly”.
目前,富勒博士和他的新同事几乎解决了剩余的问题。他们摒弃了在基底上刻印电路的方式,转而用激光在铜箔上切割制造电路,从而制造出了使无人机的双翼更轻盈的电子设备。此外,他们还在昆虫机器人上安装了一枚8毫克重的太阳能电池。只要将激光聚焦在这一电池上,就可以为昆虫机器人供电,而且无需电线。团队成员还给他们的小发明取了个绰号,叫“RoboFly”。
The caveat is that, because they have not yet developed a way to make the power laser track the drone, as soon as it flies out of the beam it drops unceremoniously to the bench top. Solving this should not, however, be too hard—and once it is done they hope RoboFly will be flapping happily around their laboratory.
可是,因为整个团队尚未开发出一种方法让激光追踪无人机,所以一旦无人机飞离激光的覆盖范围便会忽地坠落在地。解决这个问题理应不难,而且一旦该问题得到解决,他们认为RoboFly就可以在实验室自由飞翔了。
采用激光器供电仅仅意味着机器人不再被电线所束缚,并不意味着它能够完全自由飞行。RoboFly只能起飞和降落,一旦其光伏电池不在激光的直接视线中,机器人就会耗尽电力并着陆。发出的激光必须距离机器人不到7英尺远,以便于提供足够的功率。与电线不同,这种光束对人眼有害。
After that, it is a question of adding sensors and a communications capability to permit their tiny automaton to be controlled remotely, so that it can actually be used for something. The result, the team think, will be sure to make a buzz.
此后,则是如何在这一微型机器人上添加传感器和通讯装置的问题,以便实行远程操控,进而使它获得真正的实用价值。团队成员们相信,他们的研究成果最终会引起轰动。
Make a buzz:做出有影响的事
翻译组:
Nikolai,男,小硕, science追随者
Vambie,女,互联网民工,经济学人粉丝
校核组:
Frank,男,小硕,经济学人爱好者
Yifei:女,英专硕士,专八,catti二笔
3
观点|评论|思考
本次观点由Xingyi独家奉献
Xingyi,男,小硕,经济学人爱好者
无人机相关文章
提起无人机,大众想到的第一件事估计是汪峰用大疆无人机送了个钻戒给章子怡求婚,大疆也由此进入了大家的视野。此后无人机产业在国内也开始了蓬勃的发展。仅2015年,中国就诞生了近200家新的无人机相关公司(钛媒体,2018),当今民用无人机产业的王者大疆也近日有媒体曝光开启了新一轮融资10亿美元,估值150亿美元。在这样轰轰烈烈的背景下,对应的“反无人机”概念也应运而生。全球第二大市场研究咨询公司Markets and Markets预测,到2022年,全球反无人机市场的规模将达到11亿美元。目前,国内大学中对反无人机技术进行研究的有上海交通大学,国防科技大学以及电子科技大学。(国联咨询,2017)。目前世界各国陆续出台了关于无人机的管制条例,但公众对于无人机对隐私的侵犯以及未来可能造成的无人机犯罪的恐惧心理正在不断增长。表1与表2列举了目前反无人机系统和无人机探测技术。
参考资料:
1.李雅琼,2017世界陆军装备技术发展报告中国兵器工业集团第二一〇研究所,2017
2.北京国联咨询公司,全球反无人机市场研究分析及投资前景预测报告,2017
3.钛媒体,估值150亿,大疆未来将如何捍卫自己的“王者之路”,2018.5.11
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