一般情况下,副词是形容词按一定的规则形成的,常见的是直接在形容词后面加“ly”,或去掉字母“y”,然后加“ily”,常见的如 slowly,strongly 和 sudden 等等,但是有些副词如 hardly,它就不是 hard 后面加 ly 形成的。有的时候如果错用它们会带来截然不同的意思。一、hard 既可以作形容词,也可以作副词1. 作形容词,意思丰富,意为“坚固的,坚硬的,结实的,难做的,难懂的,难以回答的,困苦的,艰苦的,艰难的”,例如:Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.钻石是已知的最坚硬的矿石。It is hard to believe that she's only nine.很难相信她只有九岁。Times were hard at the end of the war.战争后期生活很艰苦。2. 作副词,意为“努力地,费力地,艰难地,猛力地,猛烈地,彻底认真地”,例如:I studied hard for my exams but didn’t do very well.我为了考试而努力学习,但成绩不太好。We have worked hard all day.我们辛苦工作了一整天。It was raining hard when we set off.我们出发时正下着大雨。二、hardlyHardly 是程度副词,它有否定的意思,意为”几乎不,几乎没有“,尤用于 can 或 could 之后,主要动词之前,强调做某事很难,例如:He has hardly shown up for class this term. He’s going to fail.这学期他几乎没来上课。他会失败的。Don’t be so lazy! You are hardly trying. Why not?别这么懒!你很难尝试。为什么不呢?It’s hardly polite to burp in public. If you do so, you have hardly any manners.在公共场合打嗝是不礼貌的。如果你这样做,你几乎没有任何礼貌。三、两者的区别首先要确定的是 hardly 绝对不是 hard 的副词形式,hard 的副词形式还是 hard.1. hard 既可以作形容词和副词,而 hardly 只是程度副词。2. 作副词修饰动词时,hard 放在所修饰动词的后面,而 hardly 放在所修饰动词的前面,例如:He works hard.他工作很努力。He hardly work.他几乎不工作。解析:因为 hard 与 hardly 的不同,这两句所表达的意思截然不同。3. hardly 是否定副词,不与表示否定的词连用,如 no,none,no one,nobody,nothing 或 never,当它常与 ever 或 any 及其组合词连用,如 anyone 或 anything 等,例如:There was hardly anything to eat.几乎没有东西吃。几乎没人来。Hardly anyone came. (正确)Hardly no one came. (错误)4. hardly 置于句首,句子通常要部分倒装,而且常与 when 连用,通常此时主句用过去完成时,when 从句用一般过去时,意为“刚…,就…”,表示两件事接踵而至;而 hard 没有这种用法,例如:Hardly had I started working on the computer when the electricity was gone.我刚开始操作电脑,电就没了。