2021中考英语专项复习专题九：非谓语动词
动词：He asks me to help him often.
谓语 非谓语
1.谓语动词：时态/被动语态
2.非谓语：do/ to do/ doing/ done
非谓语动词一直是英语学习的难点，也是中考的常考点，主要为动词不定式和动名词，在单项填空、词形填空和词组翻译题型中均有涉及。学生在做此类试题时应先分析本题该用谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后才能确定选用动词的哪种形式或者非谓语的哪种形式。如何确定使用动词的哪种形式具体讲解详见动词的时态，下面列举几种常见的判定非谓语动词形式的方法：
1.如何判定本题该使用谓语动词还是非谓语动词：判断句子是否缺少谓语。
①当句子缺少谓语时，该动词就用谓语动词形式。一般情况下，动词作谓语放在主语之后，如“I love you.”中，love就是谓语动词。
②当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与所填动词并列时，该动词就用非谓语动词形式。非谓语动词可以在句子中作除谓语以外的任何成分，如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语及插入语。
1）不定式
1.不定式的构成
不定式的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是not+to+动词原形。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。
2.不定式的基本用法
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用法 |
说明 |
例句 |
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作 主 语 |
动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,避免句子头重脚轻。其结构为It+be+adj.+to do sth. |
To learn English well is useful. =It is useful to learn English well. |
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如果要说明不定式表示的动作的执行者,可以在不定式前加一个for短语。其结构为It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth. |
It is good for you to go out for a walk. |
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某些表示人的品质、特征等的形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,clever,polite等)作表语时,不定式之前可以加一个of短语,用来说明动作的执行者。其结构为It+be+adj.+of sb.+to do sth. |
It’s not polite of him to speak to old people like that. |
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两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式通常省略to |
To go to sleep early and get up early is a good habit. |
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作 宾 语 |
不定式用在及物动词后作宾语,常见的及物动词有:begin,choose,continue,decide,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,try,afford,agree,start,like等 |
I can’t afford to buy a digital camera at the moment. |
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在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面 |
I find it easy to read English every day. |
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作 宾 语 补 足 语 |
常接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:want,ask,tell,allow,get,would like,advise,encourage等 |
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. |
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一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补,这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear,listen to)、三让(let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但变被动语态时必须加上to |
I often hear Li Ming sing in the next room. |
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动词help后面的不定式,既可以带to,也可以不带to |
You must help me(to)do my homework this afternoon. |
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作 定 语 |
作定语的不定式,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后 |
I have some clothes to wash. |
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如果不定式是不及物动词,且与它所修饰的词构成逻辑上的被动关系,则不定式要加上相应的介词 |
He is looking for a room to live in. We have a lot of things to talk about. |
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当不定式修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后面习惯上省略介词 |
My grandma had no place to live(in)in the old days. |
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不定式修饰 something,anything,nothing时,放在它们的后面,如果something,anything,nothing有形容词修饰,词序是“something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式” |
I had something cold to drink. |
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作 状 语 |
不定式作目的状语时可放在句首或句尾 |
To be a good student,one must study hard. |
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和某些形容词连用构成“be+形容词+不定式”结构,作原因状语 |
We are sorry to trouble you. |
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作程度或结果状语时,常与enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)连用 |
He is old enough to go to school. He is too young to go to school. |
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作表语 |
表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”等,通常对连系动词前面的名词进行解释说明 |
His wish is to become a doctor. |
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和疑问 词连用 |
不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分 |
He didn't know where to go. =He didn't know where he should go. |
动词不定式的特殊句型:
①too…to… “太……而不能……”。
如：The boy is too young to look after himself. 那个男孩太小而不能照顾自己。
②…enough to…“……足够……”。
如：He is old enough to go to school. 他足够大能去上学了。
③Why don’t you +省略to的不定式？=Why not +省略to的不定式？为什么不……呢？
如：Why don't you get her a photo album? =Why not get her a photo album? 为什么不给她买个相册呢？
④had better+（not）+省略to的不定式。最好（不要）做……
如：You'd better not stay here today. 你今天最好别待在这儿。
⑤Will you please+省略to的不定式?你愿意……吗？
如：Will you please close the door? 能请你把门关上吗？
⑥prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. “宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”
如：I prefer to do more work rather than do nothing at home.我宁愿做更多的工作也不愿在家无所事事。
⑦It is+adj.+for/of sb.+to do.“做某事是……的”
如：It is necessary for us to brush our teeth twice a day.一天刷两次牙对我们是有必要的。
It+be+形容词+不定式
It’s hard to say which one is better.很难说哪一个更好。
It+be+名词+不定式
It was great fun to have a picnic there. 在那里野餐很有意思。
It+动词+名词/副词+不定式
It took me 2 hours to finish my homework. 完成作业花了我两个小时的时间。
2).动名词
1作主语
单独作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；如果并列的动名词(短语)作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Reading in bed is not good for your eyes.在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。
Reading and writing are necessary for us. 读书和写作对我们很有必要。
2作表语
动名词(短语)作表语可以转化为动名词(短语)作主语。如：
His favorite sport is playing ping-pong.＝Playing ping-pong is his favorite sport.他最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。
3作宾语
动词宾语, 多用来表示习惯性动作。如：
I like playing football very much.我非常喜欢踢足球。
常跟动名词作宾语的动词有：
enjoy喜欢
mind 介意
finish 完成
keep持续
suggest 建议
practice 练习
consider考虑
miss错过
imagine想象
avoid避免
can’t help忍不住
go on 继续
be worth值得
be busy忙于
give up放弃
succeed in成功，设法
look forward to期待
be used to习惯于
end up以……结束
put off推迟
pay attention to注意
be interested in对……感兴趣
注意：含有介词to的固定短语：
make (a) contribution (s) to 为……做贡献
devote oneself to 献身，致力于……
look forward to 期待，盼望
preferto 比起……更喜欢……
be used to 习惯……，适应……
pay attention to注意
某些动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
1.forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要做某事（未做）
I forget to bring my homework.我忘记带作业了。
I forget bringing my homework.我忘记已把作业带来了。
2.remember doing sth.记得做过某事
remember to do sth.记得去做某事（未做）
Please remember to post my letter.请记得把我的信寄走。
I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。
3.try doing sth.尝试做某事
try to do sth.尽力做某事
Please try to do better next time.下次请设法做得更好些。
He tried speaking in English.他试着用英语讲。
4.hear/see sb. doing sth.听见/看见某人正在做某事
hear/see sb. do sth. 听见/看见某人做了某事
I often see him play football 我经常看见他踢球
I saw him playing football went I passed 当我经过的时候，我看见他正在踢球
5.Stop to do sth 停下去做某事
Stop doing sth 停止做某事
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来想一下这件事。
Stop talking, please.请不要说话。
6.Mean to do sth 打算做某事
Mean doing sth 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但我父亲不肯让我去。
Doing that means wasting time.做那件事意味着浪费时间。
现在分词与过去分词的区别
1.在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。
the surprising news令人惊讶的消息
a surprised man一个感到惊讶的人
a moving film一部感人的电影
the moved people被感动的人们
2.在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
the risen sun升起来的太阳
易混句式have sb.do sth.,have sb.doing sth.和have sth. done的区别
1.have sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。
2.have sb. doing sth.表示“使某人作出某种反应”或“劝说/命令某人做某事”;用于否定句时表示“允许/容忍某人做某事”。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.短短几分钟内他就令全体观众欢笑、鼓掌。
3.have sth.done意为“让某事被别人做”,即ask sb.else to do sth.,过去分词(done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成。
The driver had his car washed once a week.这个司机一周让人洗一次车。
中考试练
1.To live a low-carbon life, we must remember the lights when we leave the room.
A.to turn off B.turning off C.not to turn off
【答案】A
【解析】句意:为了过低碳生活,我们必须记得要在离开房间的时候关灯。此题考查固定结构用法。remember to do sth.记得要做某事,remember doing sth.记得做过某事,remember not to do sth.记得不要做某事,根据前文“为了过低碳生活”可以判断出,后文是提出的倡议,应该是“记得要关灯”,因此选A。
2.After long years of war, many people in Syria are homeless. I think it important a peaceful world.
A.build B.not build
C.to build D.not to build
【答案】C
【解析】句意:长年战争过后,很多叙利亚人变得无家可归。我认为建设一个和平的世界很重要。本题考查非谓语动词。根据think+it+adj.+to do sth.结构可知此处要用不定式作think的真正的宾语,故答案为C项。
3.My parents don’t allow me late.
A.stay up B.to stay up
C.stays up D.staying up
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我的父母不允许我熬夜。本题考查非谓语动词。allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事。
4.Joining a summer camp is a great chance free time with your friends.
A.spend B.spending C.to spend
【答案】C
【解析】句意:参加夏令营是和你的朋友们一起度过空闲时光的好机会。本题考查非谓语动词。a chance to do sth.意为“一个做某事的机会”,故选择C。
5.We have worked so long. Shall we stop a rest?
A.have B.to having
C.having D.to have
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我们已经工作了那么长时间了。我们停下来休息一下可以吗?本题考查动词不定式。stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情,stop to do sth.停止正在做的事情去做另一件事。根据句意可知是停止工作去休息,故答案为D项。
6.It’s necessary for us to our parents when we have problems.
A.to talk B.talking C.talk
【答案】A
【解析】句意:当我们遇到问题时和父母谈谈对我们来说是必要的。本题考查非谓语动词。由固定句型It is+adj.+for sb to do sth.“做某事对于某人来说是……”可知答案为A。
7.Mr.Smith told his son the football match because of the exam.
A.not to watch B.to not watch
C.not watching D.doesn’t watch
【答案】A
【解析】句意:因为考试史密斯先生告诉他儿子不要看足球赛。tell sb. not to do sth.让某人不要做某事。所以A项符合题意。
8.Nowadays, it’s convenient and cheap for us a shared-bicycle.
A. ride B. to ride C. flying D. to fly
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：现如今，____共享单车对我们来说是方便并且便宜的。此处考查it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。根据句意和固定短语ride a bicycle可知。故选B。
9.The Smiths have decided a house near the sea.
A. buy B. bought C. buying D. to buy
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：史密斯一家已经决定在海边____一座房子。“decide to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“决定做某事”。故选D。
10.The students are used to physical exercises in the morning.
A.do B.doing C.did D.have done
【答案】B
【解析】句意:学生们习惯在早晨进行身体锻炼。固定短语“be used to doing sth.”意为“习惯做某事”,故本题选择B。
11.Smoking is not allowed here. Don’t forget your cigarette.
A.to put out B.putting out
C.to put off D.putting off
【答案】A
【解析】句意:这里不允许吸烟。不要忘记熄灭你的烟。put out意为“扑灭,熄灭”;put off意为“推迟”,根据句意可排除C和D。forget to do sth.意为“忘记要做某事”,故本题选择A。
12.It took my sister three hours reading this interesting story.
A.to finish B.finished C.finishing D.finish
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我姐姐花费了三个小时读完这个有趣的故事。固定句型It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.意为“某人花费多长时间做某事”,故本题应选A。
13.—Why is Li Ming practicing speaking English?
— abroad for further study.
A.Go B.Gone C.To go D.Goes
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——李明为什么在练习说英语?——为了出国深造。本题考查不定式作目的状语的用法。特殊疑问词why用于提问原因,动词不定式可用来表示目的,故本题选择C。
用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. The girl always _________ (forget) her things everywhere.
2. The bell _________ (ring) . The students _________ (stop) talking and got ready for the class.
3. Look!It _________ (rain) outside. Neither of us _________ (want) to go boating now.
4. Jim _________ (not finish) reading the book yet. But he _________ (return) it the day after tomorrow.
5. The trees must _________ (plant) and the sand can _________ (stop) from moving toward to the rich farmland.
6. Some trees _________ (cut) down in America now.
7. When your work _________ (do) ,you can _________ (go) and play.
8. He ________(go) to college after he ________(finish) school next year.
9. I have tried three times. Let me ________(try) a fourth time.
10. He was made ________(work) for more than nine hours a day.
【答案】1.forgets.
2.rang;stopped.
3.is raining;wants.
4.hasn’t finished;will return.
5.be planted;be stopped.
6.are being cut.
7.is done;go.
8.will go;finishes.
9.try 10.to work.