教育专家Zoie为你讲述：如何帮助你的孩子培养成长的心态 / 四六文摘

咱们今天要探讨的话题是“成熟心态”，在教育专家Zoie Hoffman看来，“成熟心态”是指一个人了解自己的能力和认知并不是一成不变的一种思维方式。

对于拥有成熟心态的人而言，他们知道自己的努力和付出可以提高自己的能力，锻炼自己的思维；反之，对于一个想法一成不变的孩子而言，他们不相信这种成长，如果他们哪一科考试不及格，他们就会认为自己很笨，或者自己根本不适合这一学科。

那么，我们如何培养孩子的成熟心态，培养他们对于成长的认知呢？咱们一起来听一听Zoie Hoffman的分享吧——

向上滑动阅览访谈内容

How to Help Your Child Develop a Growth Mindset

如何帮助你的孩子培养成长的心态

Chanelle: Hello and welcome to Read With You Presents. I'm your host Chanelle Neilson and I'm joined today by Zoie Hoffman. Zoie, thank you so much for being with us today.

Chanelle：大家好，欢迎大家收听陪你读书，我是主持人 Chanelle Neilson，今天我们的嘉宾是 Zoie Hoffman。Zoie，非常感谢你的到来。

Zoie: Thanks for having me. I'm excited to be on.

Zoie：谢谢你的邀请，我非常荣幸。

Chanelle: Well, I am excited about this call because I have heard Zoie speak before and she has so many good things to say and I just felt like after I heard her, Oh, my goodness. I've got to bring her on the show and really have her share some of this because it's so relevant and would be so helpful for our audience here. So today we're going to talk a little bit about growth mind set, which is something that's really a phrase we hear a lot in education, and we hear it a lot in the school setting. But I think it's really important for parents to be aware of also, so we'll get into that, and I think it's going to be a great conversation. But to start off with, we would love to know a little bit more about, Zoie. If you could tell us just a little bit about yourself, your education, career and kind of why you've decided to do what you do.

Chanelle：其实，我非常期待今天的节目，因为我之前有听过 Zoie 的演讲，她有很多东西与大家分享，我记得当我听完她的演讲时，我就想， “天啊！我一定要邀请她上我们的节目来聊聊这些话题，她太适合我们的节目了，一定会对我们的听众有很大的帮助。”所以今天我们就来聊一聊关于“成熟心态”的话题。“成熟心态”这个说法常常在教育领域和校园生活方面被提及，但是我觉得对于家庭教育来说也同样重要，所以家长们有必要了解。我想这将会是一次很棒的交流。但是在此之前，让我们先来了解一下我们的嘉宾，Zoie，你能向大家介绍一下自己吗，关于你的学习经历，你从事的职业以及选择这一职业的原因。

Zoie: Sure, so I'm going to try to condense this as much as I can, because it's

kind of a long story. But so what I do is I own Hoffman Tutoring Group, and we are a group of online tutors that provide personalized education to kids through tutoring, and the reason that I got into this is because I have always wanted to be an educator, and I got my education degree in 2014 and had set out to be a teacher. But my spouse is active duty in the Air Force, and so we- shortly after I graduated, we ended up moving a lot. We were moving every year, and it was really hard for me to get into the classroom and help those kids that I really wanted to help. And so, I ended up starting a tutoring business and It was all in person at first and Then I started to realize the great need for kids to be able to get really great tutoring from professional educators in a way that was convenient for their family and That was comfortable for them. So that's how we started to do some online tutoring and that's mainly what we do today is we help families get that education they need without having to Drive any extra places. And then the kids can be comfortable in their own home where their stress levels are low and they can learn more through their session.

Zoie：当然，我尽量简明扼要的说一下吧，因为确实说来话长。我创办了“霍夫曼在线家教”网站，通过在线指导，为孩子提供个性化的家教服务，我从事家教工作的原因是我一直以来都希望能成为一名教育工作者，并且在 2014 年拿到了我的教育专业的学位，之后准备成为一名教师。但是我的丈夫正在空军服役，在我毕业不久我们就开始频繁地搬家。基本上每年都搬一次，这就导致我很难走进教室去教孩子们。于是，我就开始了我的家教生涯，最开始是面对面的方式，不过我意识到孩子们需要的不仅仅是专业的教育，更需要一种对他们的家庭和他们本身来说即方便又舒适的学习方式。所以我们开始了在线家教，这也是我们现在的目标，不需要家长们四处奔波，就能得到想要的教育服务。同时，孩子们也能在自己熟悉的环境里舒适地学习，以此减轻他们的压力，提高学习的质量和效率。

Chanelle: That’s awesome. I feel like in today's busy world, it's just so nice to

have one less place to go and that kids can go and get that help online. I think that's a great service. You guys are providing because kids already have a lot of places to go, and parents are driving them to all those places. It's wonderful to be able to do that online. That's great. Now let's go ahead and dive right in. I want to talk about growth mind set. For people who are not familiar with even the term of growth mind set, let's get real basic here. What does that even mean?

Chanelle：太棒了。我觉得如今的生活节奏，你知道的，非常忙碌，所以既能减少出行，孩子还可以得到相应的教育，这实在是太好了。你们真是帮了大忙，你知道的，孩子们已经有很多地方要去了，家长们也要来来回回地接送。能够在线做这些实在是太棒了。非常棒。那么，现在就让我们进入今天的话题，来聊聊“成熟心态”。对于不熟悉甚至没听过这个说法的听众，我们先从最基本的谈起，“成熟心态”到底是什么意思呢？

Zoie: Right. Growth mind set is basically knowing that your abilities and knowledge aren't fixed. So kids that have a growth mind set and adults that have a growth mind set understand that the effort they put in is going to grow their abilities and grow their brains Basically. so, for example, a kid who has a fixed mindset so they aren't convinced of that growth. If they get an F on a test, they might decide that they are dumb or that they're just not destined to be smart in that area. And so they're just going to buy into that feeling of, well, I'm just not smart, and there's not really anything I can do about it. A kid that has a growth mind set, if they get an F on a test, they know that that doesn't mean that they aren't smart and that they know that if they put in effort, that they can get a better grade next time and that their failure or their mistake doesn't define their abilities.

Zoie：好的。“成熟心态”是指一个人了解自己的能力和认知并不是一成不变的一种思维方式。对于拥有成熟心态的孩子和成人来说，他们知道自己所付出的努力可以提高自己的能力，锻炼自己的思维。相反，对于一个想法一成不变的孩子来说，他们并不相信这种成长。如果他们哪一科考试不及格，他们就会认为自己很笨，或者根本不适合这一学科。久而久之就适应了这种想法，什么我不够聪明啊，我根本无能为力之类的。而拥有成熟心态的孩子，如果他们某一科考试不及格，他们知道这并不意味着自己不够聪明，只是不够努力而已。如果自己付出努力，那么下一次的成绩就会进步，失败和错误不代表自己能力不足。

Chanelle: Okay, I love that definition. Now, I think that when we hear that it's easy to feel like okay, yeah, well, of course, one F doesn't define you, but I think in life as we go on and we continue to get F's in a certain subject or the thing that came to mind for me was P E growing up I was terrible at PE and I believe that I'm not good at soccer. With a growth mind set is that kind of how it is, like well, I should say with a fixed mindset that over time, as these experiences come in, we're basically cementing that part of our personality?

Chanelle：好的，我喜欢这个定义。我想当大家听到这些的时候可能会想，是的，没错，一次不及格不能代表什么，但是如果在某一学科次次不及格呢？比如对我来说，就是体育。在我成长过程中体育成绩一直很差，所以我认为自己不擅长踢足球什么的。所以说，用成熟心态来看待这件事，不对，我要说的是如果我们一直用固定思维来看待这件事，随着时间的推移，我们是不是就会对此深信不疑？

Zoie: I think so. So, yes, we're all not going to be exactly the same. Like you

said, it can kind of get cemented into us that something is our thing or isn't our thing. For example, I'm not a super athletically built person and so I am not going to be the best soccer player out there, or basketball player out there, but with some work, as with the mind set piece, even though you haven't seen a lot of success in that area, you can still believe in your ability to push yourself and put in effort and grow based on your own performance. You’re looking more at what you were able to do in improving that, instead of looking outward at what everyone else is able to do.

Zoie：我想是的。不可否认，我们每个人都是独一无二的，不可能完全一样。就像你说的，对于自己擅长和不擅长的事情，我们会深信不疑。比如说，你认为自己不是当运动员的料，肯定不会成为最好的足球运动员或者篮球运动员，但是只要你肯努力，拥有积极的心态，即使你无法在这一领域取得傲人的成绩，你依然可以通过自己的努力，提高自己在这方面的能力。换句话说，你要看到自己的进步，和过去的自己比，而不是和别人比。

Chanelle: Okay, I like that. I think that's huge. So for parents with young kids, as they have this concept of growth mind set in their minds and they're seeing their kids start to learn and fail, as we all do, How do you cultivate a growth mind set in young kids and keep them from feeling like when they fail that that's just how they are?

Chanelle：好的，我喜欢这个说法。我认为这意义非凡。那么，对于年轻孩子的家长来说，即使他们自己有了这个观念，你知道，成熟心态，那么，当他们看着孩子在成长中不断地学习和失败的时候，在这个过程中他们该如何培养孩子拥有这种心态，在面对失败时不会认为自己一无是处呢？

Zoie: That's a really great question. And so, as far as the failure and the mistakes, we kind of want to transform the way that we look at those. It's really natural for us as humans to be embarrassed of our mistakes, and sometimes we hide those from kids because we want them to think that we are the authority, right? But if you start to be transparent about your own mistakes and your own failures and what you're learning from them, and how you picked yourself back up from those mistakes and failures, your kids are going to see that, and they're going to be more apt to doing the same thing on and then also kind of asking them, like about their mistakes or their failures and telling them when we're learning something new, when we're trying something different, we're going to make mistakes and we're going to fail. And so that's actually a good sign. If we're not making a lot of mistakes and we're not failing than we're probably not pushing ourselves very hard. Another thing we can do with young kids is just change the way that we’re praising them. One of the big things with growth mind set is not telling kids- like not praising them for their smarts per se. So instead of maybe saying “you're so smart,” we would want to say something like, “I can see that you worked really hard on that” or “I saw that you almost gave up, but you kept going” because sometimes kids, when they start to view themselves as smart –and That's a again one of those things that starts to get, like, cemented in right? And we don't think of that as a bad thing until kids are starting to be afraid they're going to shatter that image of being smart if they accidentally fail something or make a mistake.

Zoie：这是一个好问题。目前我们一直谈论的都是如何转变我们看待失败和错误的方式问题。对于普通人来说，对自己所犯的错误感到难堪是再自然不过的了，所以有时候我们在孩子面前会掩盖这一点，为了维护家长的权威，对吧？但是，如果你开始放开这一点，让孩子知道自己曾经的错误和失败，并且告诉他们自己从中得到的经验和教训，以及你是如何重整旗鼓、重新振作起来的，你的孩子就会看到、并且更倾向于做同样的事，并且把自己的错误和失败告诉父母，向他们请教。你知道，当我们学习新东西的时候，当我们尝试做不同的事情的时候，我们难免犯错甚至失败。事实上，这未尝不是一件好事。如果我们从不犯错，从不失败，从某种角度来说，也意味着我们从未严格要求过自己。还有一件我们要做的事情，就是改变我们夸奖孩子的方式。培养孩子成熟心态非常关键的一点就是——不要夸奖聪明本身。不要说“你太聪明了”，而是应该说“我看到了你的努力和付出”，或者是“我感觉你都快要放弃了，但是你还是坚持了下来”。因为如果孩子开始认为自己很聪明——就像其他特质一样，他们一旦接受这一点便开始深信不疑，对吧？并且，大家也不认为这是什么坏事，直到孩子们突然失败或者犯下错误的时候，他们开始害怕自己“聪明”的形象被打破。

Chanelle: Oh, such a good point. So get even with those, I guess, positive labels, you would say, that can contribute to that same issue of a fixed mindset and of not allowing for growth. Yeah?

Chanelle：哇，多好的观点。所以通过这么多，像你说的，积极的方面，同时也

反映出固定思维所存在的问题，以及它们对成长的阻碍，对吧？

Zoie: Yes, exactly. Exactly. They're scared to make take risks because they're

scared they're going to shatter that image that they have.

Zoie：对，正是这样。孩子们会害怕冒险，因为这可能会打破他们对自己原有的

认知。

Chanelle: Yeah, Okay, I, as you were talking about making mistakes, a little story came to mind that I remember hearing about Sara Blakely, who is the founder of Spanx, and when she was growing up, when their family would sit down to dinner, her dad would ask her, how did you fail today? And I thought, that is such a great question. And it really went along well with what you were saying because he wanted them to fail because what you, to your point, that if you are making mistakes, you're trying new things. If you're failing, you're trying new things. And if not, you're kind of stuck in this same place that you were yesterday. Failure is actually an opportunity to grow and to learn something new. Now for parents, it can be hard to want to share those mistakes with our children. And I think for me, the tendency is after I've worked it all out, Maybe I can share it with my kids, but kind of while I'm in the moment, it's a little bit harder to share that. Would you recommend sharing it in the moment or waiting until you've resolved? You can look back and say, here's what I learned, kids.

Chanelle：嗯，好的，说到犯错误，倒是使我想起了曾经听说的一个小故事，关于 Sara Blakely 的，她是 Spanx①的创始人。据说，她小的时候，每当一家人坐在一起吃晚饭的时候，她的爸爸就会问她， “今天又没做成哪些事呀？”我认为，这真是一个很棒的问题。并且和你的观点不谋而合，他希望孩子们失败是因为，嗯，根据你的观点，不断尝试就代表会犯错，不断尝试就代表会失败。如果停止尝试，则意味着停滞不前，你知道，也就是无法进步的意思。所以失败实际上是学习和成长的契机。不过对于父母来说，和孩子分享自己失败的经历还是很难的。就拿我自己来说，可能得等到我解决了所有问题之后，才会和孩子们分享这些，但是在没解决问题的当下，我很难做到。你的建议是当下就要去分享呢，还是说等到家长把这些问题都解决了之后，自己可以回想以及面对的时候才去同孩子们分享呢？

Zoie: I think it depends on the mistake. So, that's kind of a judgment call on

the part of the parents. So I'm going to make examples of mistakes that you're making in front of your kids. So even just small things like maybe you forgot to bring the snack for soccer practice. Your child can see that you made that mistake and maybe instead of making excuses and saying, oh well, today was really busy and I just didn't have the time or it totally slipped my mind, turning that around and saying like, you know what? I'm trying really hard with this new soccer thing, but today I learned that what I need to do is put the snack in the car the night before. Um, and so there's just like a little piece of this is what I'm learning from this mistake at this moment. And I think that's easier when it's a mistake that your child is seeing unfold in front of them and then as far as the mistakes that maybe they're not seeing, maybe making a judgment Call as to whether that's appropriate, um, to divulge during the fact, or maybe wait until after it's happened.

Zoie：我认为这要看是什么样的错误。也就是说，取决于父母的判断。有时，嗯，我接下来举个例子吧，你们会在孩子面前犯的错误。即使是很小的事情，比如你忘了给孩子的足球训练带点心。孩子马上就会发现这个错误，与其找理由说什么“哎呀，今天真是太忙了，我实在是没时间”，或者“我忘的一干二净”之类的，不如这样说， “你知道吗，我已经努力去记住了，关于新加进来的足球训练的事情，但是今天我知道自己到底该怎么做了，在你训练的前一天晚上把点心准备好放到车里。嗯，这就是当下我通过这个错误学到的一点经验。”我想对于那些孩子们看在眼里的明显的错误，这是恰当的做法。至于那些孩子们看不见的，则需要父母们做一个判断，嗯，是否适合立刻透露给孩子们，还是应该等到合适的时候再说。

Chanelle: Okay. I like that example a lot, the example that you gave because

those are the kind of things that we're doing all the time and that teaches our kids so much if they can see the way that we're dealing with this. now, as kids go on and they start school and they're doing things and they're having more opportunities to make mistakes and to learn new things and to fail in different ways. How can parents help to continue on this growth mind set in the school setting?

Chanelle：好的，我很喜欢这个例子，因为这样的错误是我们经常会犯的，如果

我们能正确的处理这样的情况，对孩子来说将是很好的教育。那么，随着孩子的

成长，他们，嗯他们会走进学校，会有更多的机会接触新鲜的事物并且犯一些错

误，遭受一些失败。在这一阶段，家长们要如何继续培养孩子们的成熟心态呢？

Zoie: That's a really great question. And a lot of times, um, schools -I -everyone is trying to do the best that they can do, but sometimes the school setting can actually kind of squish some of those things. These growth mind set things. The main thing that parents can do as their kids get into school is re think the way that they think about grades. So I like to say, aim for growth mind, not grades. Grades only kind of tell us a small portion of what's actually going on with what your child is learning and So instead of just aiming for your child to get all A's and not being satisfied until that happens, instead, take those grades and use them as an opportunity to teach your child about growth. So maybe checking in with them and making sure “Okay, well, do you feel like you're learning? Do you feel like you're growing? What did you do to improve your performance or what you understand between last test and this test” and so having more of those conversations instead of just letting it all boil down to grades is a great way to continue this growth mind set when your children are in a school setting.

Zoie：这个问题问得好。大多数时候，嗯，在学校里，每个人都会尽量做到最好，但是有时候，校园生活又会给人以挫折，挑战人的心态。所以，当孩子们开始进入学校之后，家长们要做的最重要的事情就是重新调整自己对于成绩的看法。我的建议是，关注成长本身，而不是成绩。成绩只能告诉我们很小一部分孩子在学习上经历了什么，所以与其强迫孩子科科拿优，并且不达目的誓不罢休，不如反过来，接受他们的成绩，并且利用这个机会教育孩子学会成长。可以这么做，在关心他们的同时询问他们，“好的，那么你觉得自己学到知识了吗？你觉得自己成长了吗？你打算怎么让自己进步或者从这次和上次的考试中，你总结了什么经验吗？”要多些这样的交流，而不仅仅是停留在成绩表面，这有利于帮助进入学校教育的孩子们，更好地完善他们的成熟心态。

Chanelle: that is super powerful. And I also would add, it's hard to do. I think as a parent, that's what you're seeing. That's what you see come home. And so it's hard not to focus on that, but to focus instead on learning. I guess that's where people who home school have a leg up here because they can focus more on the learning. They can see the learning and the growing part a little bit clearer. When your parents are in tradition- I mean, your kids are in traditional school. Those parents don't have as clear of a picture, so it's kind of a, harder thing to see. But I love that idea. I'd love to talk about other things that parents can do to set their children up on a path of lifelong learning?

Chanelle：很有力度的观点。但我还是要说一句，这很难办到。我认为，你知道，作为家长，成绩就是你能看到的。孩子回到家，你就只能看到成绩。所以很难不去关注成绩，而去关注学习本身。我想，这就是那些选择家庭学校②的教育方式去教育孩子们的家长们所具有的，一个，一个优势吧。因为他们可以更加关注学习本身。他们能够更清晰地看到孩子学习和进步的过程。当你的父母在传统，不对，是你的孩子接受传统教育方式的时候，家长们很难有全面的视角，所以学习的过程很难、很难被看到。不过我喜欢这个观点。那么，让我们来聊聊家长们还能做些什么事情，来帮助孩子们建立终身学习的观念呢？

Zoie: Oh, I love this topic, and I am so glad that you want to talk about it. Um, so lifelong learning is probably the ultimate goal, right? We want our kids to be able to love learning for all their life because that's going to help them be successful. And the biggest thing that I would say is to be a lifelong learner yourself. So again, just like with the mistakes and all the other things we've been talking about, your kids seeing you do the thing is going to be what inspires them to do it as well. If you're a lifelong learner, your kids are going to see that, and they're going to be inspired to do it themselves. Um, also just encouraging your child to explore things they're passionate about. Home schoolers have a little bit of a leg up on this, too, because they are able to sometimes incorporate that into their curriculum. But even people who have their kids in traditional school settings or their kids aren't in school yet, just kind of encouraging your child to be passionate and interested in things, to learn about those things and then to maybe even tie it into what they're learning in the classroom is going to help them be able to do that later in life. Along with that could come a lot of trips to the library, which is always great for lifelong learning. And then the last thing is, have family conversations about learning. So tell your child what you're learning about. Encourage everybody at the dinner table, maybe to share one thing that they've learned over the past week, just kind of valuing that learning environment at home can really help your kids decide to continue learning long after their school days are over.

Zoie：啊，这个话题我喜欢，很高兴你谈到它。嗯，终身学习就像是一个终极目标一样，对吧？我们愿意自己的孩子一生不断地学习、进步，因为这有助于他们获得成功。而我要说的最重要的一点是，你自己也要做到终身学习。再次强调，这和我们之前讨论的关于犯错等的问题一样，言传不如身教。所以如果你是一个终身学习的人，你的孩子就会看到，并且被引导着成为同样的人。嗯，同时别忘了鼓励孩子发现自己的热情所在。在这一点上，家庭学校的教育方式也占一点优势，因为他们会将发现兴趣这一点融入课程当中。但是不管是采用传统的学校教育，还是孩子还没有进入学校，重要的是鼓励孩子的兴趣和爱好，并且发现他们的热情，最好是能将之结合到学习中去，这有助于他们长期地保持这种习惯。慢慢的，他们就会经常造访图书馆，这对终身学习是最有帮助的。最后我要说的是，要在家庭范围内交流学习心得。告诉孩子们你正在学习的内容。鼓励饭桌上的每一个人，比如说分享一下最近一周的所学。珍视家庭的学习氛围，那么在你的孩子结束学校教育之后的漫长人生当中，他们还是会继续学习。

Chanelle: Perfect. I think those are some great ideas to really help us put into practice what we all want, which is for our kids to keep on learning and keep on growing and keep on developing and becoming these amazing little humans. So I know people are going to want to get more from you. Tell us where we can go to get more information from you. The best place to find information from me and from my awesome tutors is going to be Hoffman Tutoring Group dot com. That's Hoffman Tutoring Group with two f’s and one n. On that site, you're going to be able to find places where you can connect with us on social media. And then we also put out a blog with relevant topics to What kids are going through in school today. So that is the best place to find us. And we also will have some growth mind set downloads there for you as well.

Chanelle：完美。我想这些观点正迎合了我们共同的期待，我们对孩子们的期待，不断学习、不断成长，不断地，你知道，进步然后成为特别优秀的小孩。我相信朋友们一定想从你那里学到更多。告诉大家到哪里找到你并且向你取经呢。

Zoie：找到我最好的方式就是访问我的网站 Hoffman Tutoring Group.com，记住Hoffman 有两个‘f’和一个‘n’。在那里你可以通过我们优秀的家教团队了解到更多信息，并且关注我们的社交媒体联系我们。同时我们也开了一个博客，探讨的话题围绕着当今的孩子们所面临的学校生活。所以这是找到我们的最好方式，在那里同样可以下载到关于成熟心态的相关信息。

Chanelle: Awesome. Okay, well, we will link to all that to make it easy to get to, and any final thoughts for us before we go?

Chanelle：太好了。那么，我们会为大家提供所有链接，便于大家访问。最后，在结束前还有什么补充吗？

Zoie: Um, so my final thoughts are just knowing about this stuff and trying to put it into practice. It seems so daunting at first. But a lot of these things are things that you can do for absolutely free. And you can work on them one step at a time. So maybe you pick the praise first. Or maybe you pick the mistakes first and just try to tackle one little bit of this growth mind set and lifelong learning stuff at a time so that you don't get totally overwhelmed.

Zoie：嗯，最后，我要说的就是，不仅要“知道”还要“做到”。最初去做的时候会很困难。但是困难是无价的。你可以一步一步来，可以先从改变夸奖的方式开始，或者从面对错误的处理方式开始。只要你能从细微处着手，一点一点培养孩子的成熟心态，你就能逐步达到终身学习的目标，并且在这个过程中不会给自己制造太大的压力。

Chanelle: That is perfect. I think that that is the best way for all of us, to really Put things into practice is just one little bite size piece at a time. And then you're actually making progress without feeling overwhelmed. So that's perfect. Thank you so much for teaching us today. I love the things that we've learned and talked about.

Chanelle：太完美了。我想这对于每一个人来说都适用，不积跬步无以至千里；一步一个脚印，同时也不会有超负荷的压力。所以，太完美了。非常感谢你的分享，通过今天的交流我相信大家和我一样学到了很多东西。

Zoie: No problem. Thank you so much for having me on.

Zoie：不用客气。我也很感谢你能邀请我来。

Chanelle: Of course. And thank you, everyone for listening to Read With You

Presents.

Chanelle：当然，同样感谢每一位收听陪你读书的朋友。

译者注：

①Spanx：美国知名内衣品牌。

②Home School：家庭学校，是指以家庭为基础，孩子为受教育者，家长为教育

者的教育形式。充分利用各种社区资源，主张满足个性化的学习需求。有一定的

课程设置，关注学生认知、情感等方面的全面发展。

分享要点总结