1. be made of / be made fromⅠ. be made of “由……制成/造”成品看得出原料。如：The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头制成的。Ⅱ. be made from “由……制造/成”成品看不出原料。如；Paper is made from rags.纸是由破布做的。（已看不出原料）2. be pleased with/ at/ toⅠ. be pleased with “对……人/物，感到满意”介词with后接人或物。 如：① Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl. 马克和他妈妈都有喜欢这个女孩。② I wasn’t very pleased with / at my exam results. 我对自己的考试成绩不太满意。Ⅱ. be pleased at “对……某事/物，感到满意”。介词at 常与事物搭配使用。He was very pleased at the news.他对这个消息感到很满意。Ⅲ. be pleased to “乐意……；因……而高兴”。to 不是介词，而是小品词。后接动词原形。如：① I shall be pleased to go. 我将乐意去。② We are quite pleased to be working in this country. 能在这个国家工作，我们是十分高兴的。3. be sure of/ be sure to do/ be sure thatⅠ. be sure of “确信对……有把握”后接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式，表对客观事物有肯定的认识和判断，主语必须是人。如：① As David joined our team, we are sure of winning the game this time.由于David参加了我们的球队，我们这次有把握取胜。② You may be sure of his honesty. 你可以确信他的诚实。Ⅱ. be sure to “一定，肯定”，后接不定式，往往表示局外人的推测，评论，主语不一定是人，如：① It is sure to rain tomorrow. 明天一定会下雨。② He is sure to win.他一定会赢的。▲ 用于祈使句时作“务必，切切”之意，如：① Be sure to come tomorrow. 你明天一定要来② Be sure not to forget it . 千万别忘了。Ⅲ. be sure that 从句。“认为……一定会”主语必须是人，连词 that 可省略。它后面还可以接由 whether, 或 where, when, who 等引导名词性从句。这时主句通常是否定式。如：① He is wure that he will succeed. 他确信会成功② I am not sure where I left my notebook. 我不能确定我的笔记本丢在什么地方了。4. be sure/ make sureⅠ. be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况有把握，常译为：“确信”；make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚。如：① I am sure that he is honest. 我相信他是诚实的。② I have made sure that he is honest. 我已了解清楚他是诚实的。Ⅱ. 二者后面均可接 of 或 about 引出的短语。如：① I am sure of success.= I am sure that I will succeed.我深信会成功。② Will you make sure of his return?= Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否真的回来了。好吗？Ⅲ. make sure 后面的 that 从句一般不用或很少用将来时；be sure 后面的that从句则可用将来时。如：① Make sure that you come here before five. 你一定要在5点前来。② I am sure that he will come. 我相信他一定会来的。Ⅳ. 两者后面接不定式，均表示“一定要做某事”，但 make sure 通常只用于祈使句；而 be sure 则不受限制。如：① Make sure to come to party on time. 一定要准时来参加晚会。② He is sure to call you up. 他准会给你打电话的。5. be surprised/ in surpriseⅠ. be surprised 为“动词+形容词”结构，在句中作谓语，意为：“感到吃惊”. be surprised at 表“对……感到吃惊”Ⅱ. in surprise为“介词+名词”结构。在句中作状语。意为：“吃惊地”。如：① She was surprised. 她感到吃惊。② Everybody was surprised at you. 大家都对你感到吃惊。③ John turned round and looked at him in surprise. 约翰转过身去，吃惊地看着他。6. be used for/ be used as/ be used byⅠ. be used for “（被）用来做……”，强调用途或作用。Ⅱ. be used as “（被）作为……而用”，强调被当作工具或手段来用。Ⅲ. be used by “被……使用”，by后跟人物，强调使用者。如：① Keys are used for opening locks. 钥匙是用来开锁的。② “Swim” can be used as a noun. “Swim”可作名词用。③ Recorders are often used by English teachers. 英语教师经常使用录音机。④ Wood can be used for making paper. 木材能用来造纸。7. be worth+n/ be worth doing sthⅠ. be worth +n(表“值”“价值”) “……值（钱，等）”。① What is your car worth? 这辆车值多少钱？② This house is worth ￡20,000. 这幢房子值两万磅。③ It might be worth a lot of money. 它可能值很多钱。Ⅱ. be worth doing. ……值得干某事。表达的意义是被动意义。动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语，这个句子的主语在逻辑上是后面动词的宾语。如：① That film is worth seeing. 那部片子值得一看。② The report is worth listening to. 这报告值得听。[注意]：表“很值得”要用 well worth. 如：① The film is well worth seeing. 这电影很值得一看。8. beach/ bank/ coast/ shoreⅠ. beach “海滨、海滩、湖滩”指高水位与低水位之间的滩地。如：On the hot sunny summer’s day, on the beach you can feel how hot the sand gets.在炎热而晴朗的夏天，在滩下会觉得沙子有多烫。Ⅱ. bank 指河流或湖泊的“岸”或“堤”，如：① He swam to the bank. 他游向了岸边。Ⅲ. coast “海岸、海滨”指海与陆地相接的线，是地理学上的用语。如：② They sailed along the coast. 他们沿海岸航行。Ⅳ. shore “岸”指海、洋、湖或大河之岸而言，有较强的与水相对的意思。如：This fisherman went to the shore before daybreak.渔夫在天亮前就到海岸上去了。9. beat/ hit/ strike/ knockⅠ. beat 着重“连续地击打”如殴打或体罚，也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方。如：① Don’t beat the child 不要打孩子。② In the end their enemies were beaten. 最后他们把敌人打败了。③ He beat the world record in high jump. 他打破了跳高世界纪录。Ⅱ. hit 往往与strike通用，但严格地说，hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，着重敲打或打击对方的某一点。如：① The stone hit him on the head. 石头击中了他的头。② I hit the target. 我击中了目标。Ⅲ. strike 是很普通的用词，通常表示“打一下、打若干下”等意思，不一定都是有意的。Strike还可以表示“擦着（火柴）”的意思。如：① He struck the man on the head. 他（一拳）打在那人的头上。② Immediately Holmes jumped up from the bed and struck a match. 福尔摩斯立即从床上跳起来，划着一根火柴。Ⅳ. knock “敲；撞击；打”常与at/on, down连用。如：You should knock on/ at the door before coming in the teacher’s office.你应该在进老师办公室时敲敲门。10.both/ either / neither三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的。可用作代词、形容词、连词。Ⅰ. 作代词时：both “两者都”. either “两者中任何一个”. neither “两者中任何一个都不”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，可作同位语。而either 和 neither 则用单数形式，不可作同位语。如：① Both of us are teachers.② Either of you can do it.③ Neither of the answerws is right. 两个答案都不对。④ They both skate well. 他们两人都会滑冰。Ⅱ. 作形容词时：both 修饰名词的复数形式。Neither 和 either修饰名词的单数形式。如：① Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长。② You may use either pencil. 你可用这两支笔中的任何一支。③ Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。Ⅲ. 作连词时：neither 与nor 连用，“既不……也不……”；either 和 or 连用：“或是……或是……” “要么……要么……”连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。而both 却与and 相连。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。如：① Neither Jack nor I have seen the film.杰克和我都没看过这影片。② Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错。③ Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和麦克都擅长游泳。11. blind in / blind toⅠ. (be) blind in 表示哪只眼睛瞎了（左眼或右眼）；若表示一只眼睛瞎了，也可以用blind of one/ an eye.如：① He is blind in the right eye. 他的右眼瞎了。② The old woman is blind of one eye. 那老妇人的一只眼瞎了。Ⅱ. (be) blind to 表示“对……视而不见”。如：Many people are blind to their own faults.许多人看不起自己的缺点。12. beat/ win/ defeatⅠ. beat “打赢”“战胜”。用于比赛时，后接宾语是战胜对手，表示“赢了某人”。如：① Li Lei beat all the runners in the 100-metre race. 李磊在百米赛跑中赢了所有的对手。② We are sure to beat them.我们肯定会赢他们。Ⅱ. win “赢得；获胜”， 用作及物动词，后接宾语是表示某种比赛的名词或战争，而不是参加比赛的对手。如：① We won the basketball game. 我们赢得了篮球赛。② Who won the race? 谁赢得了赛跑？Ⅲ. defeat “战胜；赢得”与win 一样，较正式，后接宾语时与beat一样，是表示人或代表群体的名词或代词，间或接表事物的名词或代词。 如：Our class defeated / beat theirs in the basketball match yesterday.昨天我们班在篮球赛中赢了他们班。13. alike/likeⅠ. alike 与like 都有“相像”之意。但alike 只能作表语，不能作定语，其前不能加very , 只能用much或 very much 修饰，此外 alike 还可作副词。如：The two brothers are very much alike. 兄弟俩长得很相像。Ⅱ. like 可用作表语，也可作定语，还可作介词、连词用。作动词时，意为“喜欢”如：① The two brothers are very like (very much alike).② Like father, like son. [谚]有其父必有其子。③ I don’t like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。④ Like causes tend to produce like results. 类似的原因往往会产生类似的结果。14. beautiful/ pretty/ fair/ lovely/ nice/ handsome/ good-lookingⅠ. beautiful 是最常用的。“美丽的、美好的”，可指各种各样的美，如花鸟、风景、图画的美，也可指天气、曲调、衣服的美。含有优美、和谐使人感觉快悦，并带有内在美面使他人之心欢悦之意。它形容人时，一般用来指女子长得美丽、好看、动人。① She has a beautiful voice. 她的声音很好听。② Rose is a very beautiful girl. 露斯是一个很漂亮的女孩。Ⅱ. pretty . 是普通用语。“漂亮的、标致的”，程度不如beautiful. 用来修饰人时，常指年轻的妇女和女孩。侧重指温柔的性格，表活泼和甜美； 也可修饰物，含“小巧玲珑”之意。形容男青年时，含有贬义，意为“带女人气的”。Beautiful也同此义。① How pretty the child looks in her new dress!那女孩穿着新衣服显得漂亮呀！② The garden is small but extremely pretty. 花园虽小但很可爱。Ⅲ. handsome. 多用于描写男人“英俊、健美”，用于女性时，主要指五官端正，而不一定秀丽。 如：He was a handsome boy with large, bright eyes and fair hair.他是一个英俊的少年，长着一双明亮的大眼睛和金黄色的头发。Ⅳ. lovely 指外貌的“美、可爱”，常指激情感，表说话人的赞赏和喜爱。如：① What a lovely wife you have! 你有一个多么可爱的妻子！② Mother bought me a lovely radio to listen in / at school.妈妈给我买了一个漂亮的收音机，让我在学校收听。③ The lovely woman has a deep love for her country. 那个秀丽的妇女很热爱自己的国家。Ⅴ. nice 与 lovely 相似。主要强调取悦于人的感觉。指外表的美。如：It’s a nice day for a walk.Ⅵ. good-looking是普通用语，没有beautiful 强烈，男女均可用，如：Nearly all girls are good-looking, some are pretty, but only a few are beautiful. 几乎所有的姑娘都是好看的，有些是漂亮的，但只有少数是美丽的。Ⅵ.fair 指白肤，金发的美女。15. because/ because ofⅠ. because 是连词，后接句子， 是主句的直接原因，常用来回答由 why 引导的特殊疑问句。如：① Because he is ill, he is not here today.因为他病了，所以今天没来。② --Why are you in a hurry?--Because I want to catch the first bus.Ⅱ.because of 是复合介词，后接名词或代词，相当于名词词组。如：He can’t come because of illness. 他生病了，所以没来。16. become/ get/ go/ grow/ turnⅠ. 这几个词都可作连系动词表“变化的”，但用法有别：become 比较正式，常用于书面语中，表示由一个状态向另一个状态的变化。通常用于过去完成的事，不表未来的事。如：① I became a teacher three years ago.我是三年前当老师的。（由学生或其他职业变成老师）② He has become a famous person. 他已成为名人了。Ⅱ. get 多用于口语中，后常接形容词，表“变化”的过程，特别常接比较级形容词。如：① The days are getting longer and longer.白天变得越来越长了。（含动作意识）② Things are getting worse.情况变得更糟了。Ⅲ. go 表示因某种原因而进入某种状态，说明“变”的结果。① After he heard the news, his face went white. 听到这个消息，他的脸变白了。② The sky went cloudy. 天娈阴了。Ⅳ. grow 表“渐渐地变”，强调逐渐变化的过程。 如：① The smoke grew bigger and thicker. 烟变得越来越大，越来越浓了。② My younger brother is growing tall. 我弟弟渐渐长高了。Ⅴ. turn 含有“变得和以前完全不同”之意，说明变的结果。① The trees turn green. 树变绿了。② His love turned into hate. 他由爱生恨。17. before long/ long beforeⅠ. before long. “不久”，“不久以后”Ⅱ. long before “很早以前”，“好久以前”如：① I hope to see you again before long. 我希望不久以后再见到你。② We finished our work long before. 我们早就把工作做完了18. begin/ startⅠ. begin “开始”，是很普通的用语，指开始某一行动或进程，与end 相对。如：① It’s time to begin work. 是开始工作的时候了。② She began to work in the factory at the age of fifteen. 她十五岁开始在工厂里工作。③ The meeting will begin at eight o’clock. 会议将于八点钟开始。Ⅱ. start “开始”，往往与begin通用，但它着重于开始或着手这一点，与stop 相对。如：① When did you start work? 你什么时候开始工作的？② He started to study English. 他开始学英语。③ The child started crying. 小孩哭起来了。[注意]：表示“动身；启程；开动（机器）”等。如：① I think we ought to start at 8. 我认为我们应该8点出发。另外 commence 是三词中最正式的，其后接动词时只能接动词的-ing形式。如：②The Prime Minister commenced speaking 25 minutes ago. 首相是25分钟前开始发言的。19. belive/ think/ suppose这三个词后面的宾语从句的否定往往转移到主句上来。其反意部份与从句主谓保持一致。如：I don’t believe/ think/ suppose he can answer the question, can he?20. below/ under/ beneathⅠ. below“在……下面”，指处于比某物低的位置，不一定在某物的正下方。它的反义词是over。如：① Write your name below the line. 在线下写上你的名字。② We are below the moon. 我们在月下。Ⅱ. under “在……的下面”，相当于below，有时可以通用，但它指处于某物的正下方，其反义词是over。如：① He stood under a tree. 他站在树下。② The cat was under the table. 猫在桌子下面。Ⅲ. beneath“在……的下面”, 是旧用法的文学用语，现在很少用。相当于 below,尤其相当于 under. 如：① Children are playing beneath the window. 孩子们在窗子下面游戏。[注]：down 是副词，指自上而下，由高而低，常与表运动的动词连用。其反义词是 up。如：② He fell down the stairs. 他从楼梯上跌了下来。
