骨质疏松不能只补钙丨运动+健康饮食,是预防骨质疏松症的利器!
运动+健康饮食
有效预防骨质疏松
据统计,60岁以上的妇女一生中骨折的风险为44%(男性为25%),而骨质疏松症患者的骨折风险高达65%(男性为42%)。【1】
而1/3女性和1/5男性在50岁后会遭遇一次骨质疏松性骨折。其中女性的风险更大,因为她们的骨骼更细、更薄。当保护激素雌激素下降时,绝经后患骨质疏松症的风险增加。【2】
25岁骨密度达到峰值,40岁骨质开始流失
骨质疏松症是一种与心脏病、癌症、脑血管病同等严重的疾病,一旦发生骨质疏松性骨折,生活质量会大幅下降。但大多数人的骨质疏松症在早期不会造成任何特定症状。
骨密度测定有助于协助诊断骨质疏松症。骨密度(BMD)是最有效的骨折风险预测指标,骨折风险与骨密度呈几何级数关系。世界卫生组织(WHO)标准,如果骨密度T值<2.5,那么你就患有骨质疏松症。
正常骨质 vs 骨质疏松
骨头在一生中处在被分解(被称为破骨细胞)和重建的过程中(称为成骨细胞)。在骨质疏松症中,骨形成和骨吸收之间存在不平衡,导致骨量减少,从而增加骨折风险。
预防骨质疏松症最好的方法是运动和营养的结合。
希望下面的骨质疏松预防建议,让您到了老年,也一样可以挺直腰板,健步如飞,与骨折无缘。
负重锻炼与力量训练
当我们的肌肉力量增加,骨强度也会随之增强。加强骨骼强度和预防骨质疏松相关的骨折,最有效的方法是力量训练。【3】
运动产生的机械力刺激了成骨细胞的活性,形成更密集、更强壮的骨骼,它带来的不仅仅是强壮的肌肉。
负重运动是改善平衡和建立骨骼强度的理想方式,下肢的非负重力量训练也有助于增加骨密度。【4-5】
虽然游泳和骑自行车对心血管调节有好处,但它们并不能帮助防止骨质疏松症,而跑步或举重则不同。【6】
对于有骨质疏松风险的妇女来说,加强背部运动也尤为重要,它能够持久地保护脊柱免受骨折。【7】
对于女性,除了做负重运动强壮骨骼外,建议每天穿几个小时的负重背心。负重背心可以上班穿、购物穿,不要局限于运动时候。
穿负重背心还有其他好处,可以燃烧更多的卡路里,增加核心力量和稳定肌肉,从而改善平衡和减少跌倒的风险。【8-11】
增强骨质所需营养素
获得健康骨骼的最佳食物是全植物食品。研究表明,水果和蔬菜摄入量最高的个体拥有有最强的骨质。【12-14】
钙:绿色蔬菜、种子和豆类
骨组织是一种坚硬的结缔组织,是由细胞、纤维和基质构成的,集中了人体内99%的钙。骨矿物质与胶原纤维的交织为骨骼提供了强度和柔韧性。
一种富含天然植物营养素的饮食,提供了强壮骨骼所需的钙。绿色蔬菜是丰富钙元素的来源。例如,一份大约113g的蒸羽衣甘蓝和一杯牛奶(250ml)的钙一样多。西兰花、小油菜、芝麻和鹰嘴豆也是很好的钙质来源。
此外,对于多数绿叶蔬菜,身体吸收率大约为50%左右,远远高于牛奶32%的吸收率。【15】
同时,不推荐大剂量(1000mg/天)补钙方法,因为一些研究表明大剂量补钙会增加患心血管疾病的风险。【16-20】
另外,在预防骨质疏松症的研究中,大剂量补钙对于小剂量补钙并没有明显优势。【21】
镁:坚果和种子
钙元素非常重要的,但它不是唯一的骨组织的矿物质。
人体中的镁元素,60%是存在与骨骼中的。是维持骨细胞结构与功能的必需元素,能够促进骨骼形成与再生,对于维持骨骼、牙齿的强度与密度具有重要作用。【22,23】
镁缺乏会降低成骨细胞(骨形成细胞)的活性,促进骨质疏松。值得注意的是,几乎一半的美国人没有达到镁的推荐摄入量。【24】
坚果和种子中镁特别丰富。坚果类食物含镁很多,如每100g松子(生)含镁567mg、榛子(炒)含镁502mg、西瓜子(炒)含镁448mg。
维生素K1:绿色蔬菜
维生素K是维持骨骼健康的重要组成部分。骨钙素(骨钙蛋白)是一种维生素K依赖的蛋白质,是骨组织中仅次于胶原蛋白的最丰富的蛋白质,这种蛋白与钙结合,在调节骨代谢中至关重要。【25】
较高的维生素K1水平与较低的骨质疏松和骨折率有关。【26,27】
维生素K以K1和K2形式存在;K1最丰富的来源是绿色蔬菜,K2是由微生物产生的。从绿色蔬菜中获得K1是重要的来源!
植物蛋白:豆类、种子和坚果
中年开始,尤其在70岁以后,想要确保健康骨骼,足够的蛋白质摄入变得尤为重要。【28】
对于多数植物性饮食的人群来说,通过种子,坚果和豆类摄入,可以很容易地获得足够的蛋白质来维持骨质、肌肉含量和肌力。
植酸盐:豆类、全谷物、坚果和种子
植酸盐曾经被称为“抗营养素”,一种阻止我们吸收某些矿物质的物质,然而植物性食物中的植酸盐实际上可能有益于骨骼健康。
研究发现,随着时间推移,摄取更多植酸盐的妇女的骨密度更大、骨质疏松风险变小。【29-31】
植酸盐似乎通过防止破骨细胞(骨吸收细胞)的骨破坏而有助于预防骨质疏松症。【32】
富含抗氧化剂的水果和蔬菜
一项为期三个月,针对绝经后妇女每日食用李子干(与苹果干相比)的实验,发现骨形成标志物增加,而一年的试验发现骨密度增加、骨吸收标志物水平降低。【33,34】
结果表明,李子多酚化合物可以抑制破骨细胞的活性。【35】
此外,较高的氧化应激标记物与较低的骨密度有关,表明水果和蔬菜的抗氧化含量可能与骨健康相关。【36,37】
并不是说李子有特殊的功效,但李子的多酚含量肯定比苹果高,而浆果在多酚中也特别高。
避免导致钙流失的食物
对骨健康最不利的食物是那些导致钙从骨头中脱落并流失在尿液中的食物。
牛奶:What!牛奶不是补钙的吗?
每天一斤奶,强壮一个民族,牛奶的谎言还要持续多久?!
哈佛大学一项针对7万人的研究结果显示,成人牛奶摄入并未能降低骨折率。
瑞典一项10万余人的大型研究报告也显示,每天3杯或以上牛奶摄入,女性死亡率增加93%,每杯牛奶增加女性死亡率17%,男性4%。男女骨折率与牛奶摄入成正相关!【38】
牛奶中所含的动物蛋白在体内造成酸性代谢环境,造成泄钙,所以你在喝牛奶时,一边补钙,一边在泄钙!
过量的钠促进钙的排泄。【39-40】
咖啡因也有助于尿钙流失。高咖啡因摄入与骨流失和骨质疏松性骨折的增加有关。【41,42】
苏打,包括饮食和脱咖啡因苏打,都与骨质流失有关。喝苏打水会增加血液中的甲状旁腺激素(PTH),通过刺激骨骼分解来增加血钙浓度。这种增加的血钙然后在尿毒症中排出。【43-45】
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