初二英语|人教版八年级上册英语知识点大汇总，期末高分必看！

Unit1 Where did you goon vacation?【重点语法】不定代词：不指名代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。用法注意1.some 和any+可数名/不可数名。some 多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句 。有些问句中用some,不用any, 问话者希望得到对方肯定回答。2. 由some, any, no,every 与 body, one, thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时，其谓语动词用三单。3. 不定代词若有定语修饰，该定语要置于其后：如：something interesting【重点短语】1. buy sth for ab./ buy sb. sth  为某人买某物2. taste + adj. 尝起来……3. nothing...but + V.(原形)除了……之外什么都没有4. seem + (to be) + adj  看起来5. arrive in + 大地方 / arrive at + 小地方 到达某地6. decide to do sth. 决定做某事7. try doing sth. 尝试做某事 / try to do sth. 尽力做某事8. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事9. want to do sth. 想去做某事10. start doing sth. 开始做某事=begin doing sth.11. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 区分：stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事12. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事14. so + adj + that + 从句   如此……以至于……16. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要） 做某事17. keep doing sth.   继续做某事18. forget to do sth.  忘记去做某事 / forget doing sth   忘记做过某事【词语辨析】1. take a photo/ take photos 拍照quite a few+名词复数 “许多…”2. seem + 形容词  看起来…... You seem happy today.seem + to do sth. 似乎/好像做某事  I seem to have a coldIt seems + 从句 似乎..….  It seems that no one believe you.seem like ... 好像，似乎…..  It seems like a good idea.3. arrive in +大地点= get to= reach+地点名   “到达......”arrive at +小地点（注：若后跟地点副词here/there/home, 介词需省略，如：arrive here; get home）4. feel like sth 感觉像…feel doing sth. 想要做某事5. wonder（想知道）+疑问词（who, what, why)引导的从句。6. because of  +名/代/V-ingbecause+从句He can’t take a walk because ofthe rain.I don’t buy the shirt because itwas too expensive.7. enough +名词 足够的…...形容词/副词+enoughUnit2 How often do youexercise?【重点语法】1. 频率副词: always,usually, often, sometimes, never频率副词在句中通常放在实义动词之前, be动词或助动词之后。常用于一般现在时态中。2.“次数”的表达方法一次 once， 两次twice，三次或三次以上：基数词+ times, 如：three times, five times,3. how often“多久一次”问频率，回答常含有频率词组或短语。常见的how疑问词：1）How soon 多久（以后）—How soon will he be back?他多久能回来？—He will be back in amonth. 他一个月后能回来。2）how long “多久”—How long did it take you toclean the house? 你打扫房子用了多久？—It took me half an hour to cleanthe house. 我打扫这房子用了半小时。3）How many+名复How much+不可名“多少” 问数量（how much 还可问价格）【重点短语】1. go to the movies 去看电影2. look after = take care of 照顾3. surf the internet 上网4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式5. go skate boarding 去划板6. keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康7. eating habits 饮食习惯8. take more exercise 做更多的运动9. the same as 与什么相同10. be different from 不同11. once a month一月一次12. twice a week一周两次13. make a difference to 对......有影响/作用14. most of the students=moststudents15. shop=go shopping=do someshopping 购物16. be good for 对......有益17. be bad for 对......有害18. come home from school放学回家19. of course = certainly = sure 当然20. get good grades 取得好成绩21. keep/be in good health 保持健康22. take a vacation 去度假【词语辨析】1.maybe / may bemaybe 是副词，意为“大概， 可能，或许”，一般用于句首。May be是情态动词，意为“可能是...，也许是...，大概是...”.The baby iscrying. Maybe she is hungry.The woman may be ateacher.2. a few / few / alittle / littlea few (少数的，几个，一些)a little (一点儿，少量)表示肯定few (很少的，几乎没有的)little  (很少的，几乎没有的)表示否定修饰可数名词修饰不可数名词People can live to 100, butfew people can live to 150.There is little timeleft. I won’t catch the first bus.Could you give me alittle milk?3. hard / hardlyhard作形容词，意为“困难的，艰苦的，硬的”；作副词，意为“努力地，猛烈地”。hardly为副词，意为“几乎不”。The ground is too hard to dig.I can hardly understandthem.It’s raining hard. The peoplecan hardly go outside.4. As for homework, most students do homework every day .as for...意思是“至于；关于”，+名词、代词或动词的-ing形式（即动名词）。如：As for him，I never want to see him here.至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。As for the story，you'dbetter not believe it.关于那故事，你最好不要相信。5. That soundsinteresting.这是“主语+系动词+表语”结构的简单句。sound（听起来），look（看起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（觉得），seem（好象），grow（变得）,get（变得）等词在英语中可用作系动词，后跟形容词作表语。如：It tastes good.  这味道好。The music sounds very sweet. 这音乐听起来很入耳。The smoke grew heavier andheavier. 烟雾变得越来越浓了。6. percent  名词，意为“百分之……”百分数的表示方法：基数+ percent (不用复数形式)，percent做主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其后面的名词来确定。50％：fifty percent　百分之五十Fifty percent of the apples arebad. 50%的苹果都坏了。Twenty percent of the meat is inthe  fridge. 20%的肉都在冰箱7. not… at all 意为“一点也不”，not应放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后。The story isn’t interesting atall. 那个故事一点也没有趣。8. It is +adj. to do sth. 做某事是……的。It is interesting to playcomputer games. 玩电脑很有趣。9. take,spend, payIt takes sb. some time to do sth.意为“花费某人……时间来做某事”。人(sb.) spend 时间/钱 on sth. “买某物花了……钱”。人(sb.) spend 时间/钱 (in) doing“花费多少时间来做某事”。pay 的主语必须是人，而“花钱买某物”为pay...for...10. however 副词，意为“然而，可是”，表示转折关系，可放在句首、句中、句末。Unit3 I’m more outgoingthan my sister.【重点语法】1. 形容词和副词的比较等级（1）形容词和副词的原形就是原级（2）比较级，表示较……或更……（3）最高级， 表示最...。2. 比较级句型:（1）A + be动词+形容词的比较级+than +B “A比B更……”（注意：A与B必须是同级的，即必须是人与人，物与物进行对比）（2）“A+实意动词+副词比较级+ than + B”表示“A比B…”（3）比较A ，B两人/两事物问其中哪一个较…...时用句型：“Who/which +谓语动词+ adj./adv.比较级，A or B ?”Who is thinner, Jenny or Mary?3. 比较级的特殊用法（1）“比较级+and+比较级”，意为“越来越”。多音节比较级用“more and more+原级”（2）“the+比较级(…), the+比较级(…)”意思是：”越…越…”The more, the better.（3）主+ is + the 形容词比较级+of the two+名复 “主语是两者中较......的”4. 两者在某一方面相同：A+谓语动词/be动词+as+ adj./adv.原级+ as+ B.Helen is as tall asAmy.Peter studies as hard as Tom.表示两者在某一方面不及另一方时，用“not as/so+形容词或副词原级+as”I am not as tall as my sister.5. 形容词，副词比较级前的修饰语。当需要表示一方超过另一方的程度时，可以用much, a lot, alittle, a bit, 等来修饰形容词比较级。注意: 比较级不能用very, so, too, quite等修饰。【重点短语】1. more outgoing 更外向/更开朗2. as...as...与…… 一样3. the singing competition 歌咏比赛4. the most important 最重要的5. be talented in music 在音乐方面有天赋6. the same as 与……相同7. care about 关心/留意/关注8. be different from 与…...不同9. be like a mirror 像一面镜子10. as long as 只要；与…...一样长11. bring out 显示/显出12. get better grades 取得更好的成绩13. reach for 伸手达到/达到14. touch one’s heart 感动15. in fact 事实上16. make friends 交朋友17. be good at 在某方面成绩好18. the other 另一个19. be similar to 与…相似20. be good with 与…和睦相处21. have fun=Have a good time 玩得开心have fun doing sth 做某事很开心22. do the same thingsas me. 做和我一样的事情23. It’s+adj+（forsb.）to do sth. “做某事（对某人来说）是...的 ”24 make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友25. as long as  只要；既然，引导条件状语从句【词语辨析】1. be good at=do well in ，其后可接名词、代词或动名词，表示擅长......2. care about 关心care for 关爱take care (当/小心)take care of (照顾)=lookafter3. make sb. do sth.： 让(使)某人做某事（make后跟不带to的不定式）His father always make me get upbefore five o'clock.make sb. +形容词：使某人保持某种状态My friends always make me happy.4. be like“就像…”I am like your sister.look like “外貌上的像 ” I look like my sister.5. That’s why+句子：那就是…的原因/那就是为什么…That's why I study English hard. 那就是我努力学习英语的原因。6. be differentfrom 与……不同反：be the same as 与…… 相同7. though① adv. 不过；可是；然而（句末补充说明使语气减弱）② conj. 虽然；尽管=although，与but 不能同时用在一个句子中He said he would come. He didn’t,though.  他说他要来，可是并没有来。Though/Although he has been deadfor many years, many people still remember him.尽管他已经去世很多年了，但很多人仍然记得他。8. get bettergrades 取得更好的成绩9. does(助动词do/did)，为了避免重复，可代替上文出现过的实意动词。10. be good withsb. 与某人相处得好Unit4 What’s the bestmovie theater?【重点语法】1. 形容词最高级： 用于三者或三者以上的人或事物相比较。标志词：表比较范围时用in/of形容词最高级前须加定冠词the，副词最高级前可省略the。2. 表示“三者（或以上）中最……的”的句型1）A + be + the 形容词最高级 + 表示范围（in/of介词短语）2）A + 实意动词 + (the) 副词最高级 + 表示范围的of/in介词短语3. 常用句式1) Who/ Which…+ 最高级…, A, B or C ?2) one of +the +形容词最高级 +名词复数形式,  意为“最…之一”。3）序数词后跟形容词最高级【重点短语】1. so far 到目前为止，迄今为止2. no problem 没什么，别客气3. have….in common 有相同特征（想法、兴趣等方面）相同4. be up to 由…...决定/是…...的职责5. all kinds of … 各种各样的……6. play a role in doing sth./sth. 发挥作用，有影响7. make up 编造（故事、谎言等）8. for example=e.g. 例如9. take …..seriously 认真对待10. not everybody 并不是每个人11. close to 离..….近12. more and more 越来越……【词语辨析】1. How do you like+名/代/V-ing=What do you think of ：“ 你认为…怎么样？”2. Thanks for=Thankyou for +名/代/V-ing:“感谢…”3. You’re welcome.=Not at all. 不客气4. talent 名（可）天赋talent show 才艺表演talented adj. 有天赋的be talented in 在......方面有天赋5. be good at 擅长… (＝ do well in)反义短语：be poor / weak in  在...方面薄弱be good for 对……有益，后跟人或事物；其反义短语是be bad forbe good to 对……好(和善；慈爱)，相当于 befriendly to，后面通常接人6. all kinds of 各种各样的different kinds of 不同种类的a kind of  一种…...* kind of  有点+adj.：  kind of boring / fat /thin7. win vt. 赢得+奖品 winner n. 赢者8. watch  sb. do sth. 观看某人做了某事watch doing sth. 观看某人正在做某事9. 举例：such as 常列举几个例子，不能穷尽，可和and so on(等等)连用；like可和such as互换；for example 一般只列举一个，作插入语用逗号隔开，可置于句首/句中/句末。Unit5 Do you want towatch a game show?【重点语法】1. 询问某人对某物的观点及看法：Whatdo you think of …?=How do you like…?2. 描述喜好I love/like/ don’t mind/dislike/can’t stand…3. 复习巩固一般现在时态：主语+V+其他；主语（三单）+V(三单)+其他)【重点短语】1. find out 查出/发现2. be ready to do 准备做…3. dress up 打扮/化妆成4. take one's place 代替某人5. do a good job 干的好/表演的出色6. think of 想到/思考7. game show 游戏节目8. learn from 向…...学习9. talk show 访谈节目10. soap opera 肥皂剧11. go on 继续12. watch a movie 看电影13. one of… 其中之一14. try one’s best to =do one’sbest to 竭尽全力15. a pair of 一双16. as famous as 一样闻名/出名17. look like 看起来像18. around the world 世界各地19. have a discussion about 讨论…...20. one day 有一天/某一天21. such as 例如22. a symbol of 一个象征/标志23. something enjoyable 快乐的事情24. interesting information 有趣的信息【词语辨析】1. want + n  想要……want to do sth  想要做某事want sb to do sth 想让某人做某事……2. mind 介意，其后+名词/代词/V-ing3. stand1)“站, 站立”  e.g. Stand up! 起立2) “忍受”(多用于否定句、疑问句) , 后可+名/代/V-ing4. plan vt. &vi.计划, 打算，plan to do sth.plan 还可作名词，如：make plans 制定计划5. v. discuss (讨论) + ion→ n. discussionhad a discussion about sth. 对某事进行讨论6. happen v. 发生; 出现sth+ happens to sb.”或“sthhappened + 时间/地点”句式7. 情态动词may 语气弱于can，意为“可能”might 表推测，语气最弱，意为“可能”may/might not 表示否定推测时语气最弱，意为“可能不”They may not be very exciting. 它们可能不是那么令人兴奋。8. expect to dosth. 期盼做某事hope to do sth: 希望干某事很多动词后面都可以跟动词不定式作宾语，如：want, like, hope, wish, learn,start, begin, prefer, try, ask9. be famousas 作为……而出名be famous for sth.  因为......而出名10. one of… 后跟可数名词复数，表示…之一。 其后的谓语动词用单数。One of my favorite movies is Mr.Bean. 我最喜欢的电影之一是憨豆先生。11. shown. 节目 TV shows/talent shows；v. 展示 show sth. tosb.= show sb. sth.Unit6  I’m going to study computer science.【重点词语/短语用法解析】1.want to be/become + (职业)名词 :“想要成为…..”I want to be (be) a scientistwhen I grow up.2.write stories 写故事tell stories 讲故事3.keep on doing sth. 继续做某事（表动作的反复）keeping doing sth. 保持做某事（表动作或状态的持续）4. besure about +名/代/V-ing“肯定”Are you sure about that?make sure (that)+从句“…...确保...…”Make sure that both doors are closed whenyou go out.5.learn sth.  We must learn English every day.learn to do sth.   I amgoing to learn to play ( play) the piano.6. discuss v. 讨论；商量    名词是discussiondiscuss with sb. 与某人讨论  :Discuss this question with yourpartner.Let’sdiscuss this problem. 让我们讨论一下这个问题。All we need now is action, not discussion. 我们现在需要的是行动，不是讨论。7. beable to do sth. 能够做某事（1）can : can+动词原形，无人称和数的变化。只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时，不能用于将来时。be able to + 动词原形，有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态。（2）can 常指客观上能够；be able to 更侧重于经过努力、克服一定困难有能力做成某事。He will be able to(能够) speak English next year.（在此不能填can）8.promise  n. 承诺；诺言  v. 许诺；承诺；答应make a promise(to sb) （对某人）许下诺言keep a promise 遵守诺言break a promise 违背诺言promise (sb) to do sth. 许诺某人干某事promise (sb) +that 从句He promised to help me. 他许诺过要帮助我。I promised that I study hard from nowon. 我承诺从现在起努力学习。9.have to do with  关于；与……有关系The book has to do with computers. 那本书与计算机有关。10. takeup sth./doing sth.（尤指为消遣）学着做；开始做I am going to take up cooking next year. 明年我将要学煮饭。11. Sometimesthe resolutions may be too difficult to keep.too+形容词/副词 to+动词原形，表示“太…...而不能...…”如：The kid is too young to play thisgame. 这个小孩太小，不能玩这个游戏。12.one’sown +名词 “某人自己的东西”， 强调某物为个人所有my own book 我自己的书本【重点语法】一般将来时“am/is/are going to +动词原形”结构1. 基本形式否定式：am/is/are not going to +动词原形一般疑问式：am/is/are +主语+ going to + 动词原形+其他？特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+一般疑问式？He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。Look at the dark clouds. There is going tobe a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。Is he going to collect any data forus? 他会帮我们收集数据吗？What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算作什么？2. 基本用法（1）表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做某事。Dad and I are going to watch an opera thisafternoon.今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。（2）表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生，表示推测。Look! There come the dark clouds. It isgoing to rain.瞧！乌云密集。天要下雨了。Unit7 Will people have robots?【重点词语/短语用法解析】1.many+可数名词  许多......much+不可数名词  许多......2.live to be+基数词 + years old“活到...…岁”3. bein great danger 处在极大的危险中4.play a part in +名/代/V-ing. 参与某事/做某事Everyone should play a part in saving theearth.5.help (sb.) with sth. 帮助（某人）做某事He often helps me with my English.help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助（某人）做……He often helps me study English.help oneself ( to ) 自用(食物等)Help yourself to the fish.  请随便吃鱼6.the same as… 和……一样......  反义短语：be different from7. It takes/took/will take sb. some time to do sth. 某人花了……时间做某事(时态根据具体情况决定）It takes me an hour to get to my office.spend time／moneyon sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）sb. spend time／money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。I spent two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我个小时。They spent two years building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。8.hundreds of + 名词复数   许多/大量......数词+hundred + 名词复数  几百......类似的数词还有thousand（千） ,  million（万）There are four hundred students in ourgrade.There are hundreds of tourists in Beijingevery year.9.during  在…期间during the vacation/the daytime/the weekend10.the meaning of  …的意思Can you tell me the meaning of the words?【重点语法】一般将来时一、一般将来时的含义一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态，或将来经常发生的动作或状态。二、一般将来时的基本结构1. will/shall+动词原形will 在陈述句中用于各种人称；shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。否定式：will not=won't；shall not=shan't一般疑问式：will/shall+主语+动词原形+其他？特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+一般疑问式？Iwill/shall do a better job next time. 下次我要做得好些。Oiland water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。—Willhe help you with your English tonight? 今天晚上他会帮助你学习英语吗？—Yes,he will./No, he won't. 是的，他会。/不，他不会。—Whenwill you arrive for America? 你什么时候去美国？—Tomorrow. 明天。2.am/is/are going to +动词原形否定式：am/is/are not going to +动词原形一般疑问式：am/is/are +主语+ going to + 动词原形+其他？特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+一般疑问式？He isgoing to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。Lookat the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。Is hegoing to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集数据吗？Whatare you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算作什么？三、一般将来时的用法will+动词原形与am/is/are going to +动词原形的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况，一般情况下能互换。但它们的用法是有区别的。1.will主要用于在以下三个方面：（1）表示主观意愿的将来。Theywill go to visit the factory tomorrow.明天他们将去厂参观工厂。I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling.我将和王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。（2）表示不以人的意志为转移的客观的将来。Todayis Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.今天是星期六。明天是（将）是星期日。Hewill be thirty years old this time next year.明年这个时候他就（将）三十岁。（3）表示临时决定，通常用于对话中。—Maryhas been ill for a week.玛丽病了一周了。—Oh,I didn't know. I will go and see her.噢，我不知道。我去看看她。2. begoing to主要用于一下两个方面：（1）表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做某事。Dadand I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。（2）表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生，表示推测。Look!There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.瞧！乌云密集。天要下雨了。Unit8 Howdo you make a banana milk shake?【重点词语/短语用法解析】1.cut是“切, 割”的意思，过去式为cut。cut up 意为“切碎”Cut up the bananas. = Cut the bananas up.Cut it /them up.2.turn on 打开, 接通(电流、煤气、水等)turn off 关掉,截断(电流、煤气、水等)turn up 开大,调高(音量、热量等)turn down 调低,关小(音量、热量等)3.one more thing 另外一件事情another ten minutes 再多十分钟数字+ more + 物品  指“另外的……another + 数字 +物品  指“另外的……当数字为one时，常与more连用或只用 another。Give me two more hamburgers？another two hamburgers4. forgetto do sth. 忘记（去）做某事forgetdoing sth. 忘记已做过某事。5. It’s a time （for sb）. to do sth.  该是（某人）做某事的时期了It’stime （for sb.）to dosth. =It’s time for sth. 该是（某人）做某事的时间了。It’sa time for you to study English.It’stime for us to go to school.(It’s time for school.)6.give thanks for +名/代V-ing “感恩...…”We should give thanks for our parents.He gave thanks for life and food.7.Most Americans still celebrate this ideas of giving thanks by having a bigmeal.by+sth./doing :1）以…...方式 I study English by listening toEnglish songs.2）在...…的旁边 I am sitting by the pool.3）在...…之前 I have to go to school by 8:00.4）搭乘 I go to school by bus.8.Here is +名单(宾语) “这是…” 是倒装句Here is a photo of my family.Here are+名复Here are some English books.当宾语是代词时，要用顺装。如：Here you are.(对)  Here are you.(错)9.fill sth. with sth. 用...…把…...装满 (强调动作)be full of“装满…”(强调状态)I filled the cup with themilk.The cup is full of the milk.10.put…in(into)…把…...放到...… 里11.cover…with…用…...覆盖12.cut …into把…...切成...… Cut the apple into four pieces.cutup… 切碎13.serve v. 服务  n. serviceserve +名/代“提供…” The shop serves nice food.serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. Serve it to your friends with some vegetables.serve sb. with sth. “用某物招待某人” Serve the guests with some tea.【重点语法】名词：名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象及其它抽象概念名称的词。一、名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是表示具体的人、事物、地点、或机构等的专有名称。如：Guangzhou，Mike，UNESCO等。专有名词一般情况下第一个字母要大写。普通名词是表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称。如：police，eggs，rice等。二、普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词：表示某一类人或某一类东西中的个体。如：monkey，panda，ruler，boy等。集体名词：表示一群人或一类事物的总称。如：family，police，class，people等。物质名词：表示无法分为个体或不具备确定形状和大小的实物。如：Water，air，milk等。抽象名词：表示抽象概念词。如：hope，love，spirit。英语的名词有可数名词和不可数名词两种。一般来说，个体名词和集体名词多为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。三、名词单数变复数的规则总结1. 规则变化（1）一般在名词词尾加'-s'，map—maps地图bird—birds鸟orange—oranges 桔子bike—bikes自行车（2）以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加'-es'box—boxes盒子class—classes班级watch—watches手表dish-dishes盘，碟子，餐具（3）以o结尾的无生命的名词后面加'-s'photo—photos相片radio—radios收音机zoo—zoos动物园以o结尾的有生命的名词后面加'-es'tomato—tomatoes西红柿potato—potatoes土豆hero—heroes英雄negro—negroes黑人（4）以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加'-es 'baby—babies婴儿family—families家庭以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加'-s'boy—boys男孩toy—toys 玩具（5）以fe或f结尾的名词，把fe或f变为v加”-es “knife—knives小刀wife—wives妻子leaf—leaves树叶。2. 不规则变化（1）child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethmouse---miceman---menwoman---women注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans。Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。（2）单复同形的名词如：deer鹿，sheep绵羊，fish鱼，Chinese中国人，Japanese日本人li里，jin斤，yuan元注意：除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters（3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people人， police警察，cattle牛等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，apolice，a cattle.但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattletheEnglish，the British，theFrench，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如：The Chinese are hard-working and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。3. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词（1）maths数学，politics政治（学），physics物理学等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。（2）news消息、新闻是不可数名词。（3）the United States美国，the United Nations联合国应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。（4）以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也视为单数。'The Arabian Nights' is a very interesting story-book.<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。4. 注意两点（1）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套);a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers（2）还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼四、不可数名词不可数名词意味着这些名词只能是单数，没有复数形式，不能与数目字如one, two等连用，也不能加不定冠词a(n)。不可数名词没有单数、复数之分，但我们在生活中有时候又必需给这些词计量，我们于是采用这种方法：a+表示这些东西的单位+of+不可数名词，如：acup of tea，a box of milk，apiece of paper等。如果为了表示多个的概念，我们就将表示这些东西的单位变成复数即可。如：acup of tea---3 cups of tea，a box of milk---12 boxes ofmilk，A piece of paper---100 pieces of paper【注意】a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。例如：Cakeis a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物（不可数）Thesecakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。（可数）b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：Thisfactory produces steel.这个工厂生产钢材。（不可数）Weneed various steels.我们需要各种各样的钢材。（可数）c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas, please. 请来两杯茶。d. 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：fourfreedoms 四大自由thefour modernizations 四个现代化Unit9 Can you come to my party?【重点词语/短语用法解析】1. one…another… 表示不确定数目中的另一个one…theother… 表示两者中的另一个I don't like this one, canyou show me another?I have two brothers. One is a lawyer andthe other is a manager.some…others…表示没有范围限定的“一些…...另一些...…”some…theothers… 表示某一范围的“一些...…其余的…...”Some go to school by bike and others go toschool by bus.Some go to school by bike and the others goto school by bus.2. invite v. 邀请  n. invitationinvite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人干某事”invite sb. to+地点名词1) Mr. Green invited me to visit hisfactory last week.2) Thanks a lot for your invitation3) Thanks for inviting me to yourparty.3.（1）What’s the date today? 意为“今天是几月几号？” It’s +月+日。（2）What day isit today? 意为“今天是星期几？”It’s + 星期几。—What’s thedate? —It’s September 10th.—What day is it today? — It’s Wednesday.4.have a lesson(class) 上课have an English lesson5.prepare  v. 准备   n. preparationprepare sth. “准备某物”，所准备的东西就是后面的宾语。prepare for sth. “为……做准备”，指为后面的宾语做准备prepare to do sth. “准备做某事”6.  bring...to…“带来”把某物从别的地方带到说话人的地方take…to…“带去”把某物从说话的地方带到别处去。（两者方向相反）Bring your homework here, and take the bookaway.把你的作业拿过来，把这本书带走。7.without（介词）没有  反义词：with“具有”We can’tlive without water.Jane is a beautiful girl with long hair.8. sothat +从句： 以便于；目的是I study hard so that I can get good grades.9.surprise  n. 惊奇surprised adj. 感到惊奇的（指人）surprising  adj. 令人惊奇的（指物）be surprised at sth.“惊奇于某事”to one’ssurprise “令某人惊奇的是”① I’m surprisedat the surprising news. 我对这个令人惊讶的消息感到很吃惊。② To my surprise, he left withoutleaving a word. 令我惊奇的是，他一声不响地离开了。10.look forward to (介词)+名/代/V-ingI look forward to your reply. 我期待你的答复。I look forward to seeing you again.11.hear from sb. = get a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信。I heard from my friends yesterday.=I got aletter from my friend yesterday.12.the best way to do sth. 做某事的最好方式Exercising is the best way to keep healthy.13.how to do that. “该怎么做”，疑问词+to do sth常用来做宾语I don’tknow how to make a banana milk shake.I don’tknow what to do.14.at the end of “在…末尾”Now, it is at the end of 2014.反义短语：at the beginning of “ 在…开始”15.be glad/happy/sad to do sth.“很高兴/难过做某事I  am glad to see you.16.reply to sb./sth.“回复…”Reply in writing to the invitation “以写信形式回复这份邀请函”【重点语法】一. 表示邀请的句型1. Can/Could you…(come to my party)?2. Would you like to..( Would youlike to my party)?接受：Sure/Yes/Of course, I’d love/like to.拒绝:：① I’m sorry, I can’t. I have to/must+V原 (陈述理由 )② I’d love/liketo, but I … (理由)3.I’mafraid not. I…(理由)二. must与have to1. must 表示主观“必须”；must 表示“主观上的要求”，无人称和时态的变化，否定回答: needn’t 或 don't have to (不必)。mustn’t 表示“禁止”.2. have to表客观需要，有人称和时态变化，否: don’t / doesn’t /didn’t have to (没必要)—Must I be home before eight o’clock?  8点之前我必须回家吗？—Yes, you must. / No, you needn't. / No,you don't have to.Unit10  Ifyou go to the party,you’llhave a great time!【重点词语/短语用法解析】1. have agreat time 意为“玩得愉快”，=enjoy oneself, have fun, have a good /wonderful / nice timehave a great / good time in(doing) sth. 做某事很开心2. ask sb.（not）to do sth. 要求某人（不）做某事The teachers ask us to do (do)lots of homework.3. order sth. from+地点“从某地订购食物”I want to order some books fromthe book store.4. keep…to oneself 保守秘密5. unless conj. 除非；如果不unless 引导的条件句表示在特定条件下，才决定做或不做一件事。=if...notThe concert will be held asschedule unless there is a typhoon.= The concert will be held as schedule ifthere is not a typhoon.6. be afraidto do sth. 害怕干某事I’m afraid to speak in front ofother people.be afraid of sth. 害怕某事He told me not to be afraid ofdifficulties.be afraid +that从句I’m afraid that I can’t finish ontime7. be angry withsb.We were angry with him forkeeping us waiting.be angry at/about sth.He is angry at/about your answer.I was very angry at what he said.8. in the end 最后；终于= at last/ finallyat the end of  在...末端；到...尽头He married the nice girl in theend/at last/finally.The school is at the end of thestreet.9. careless adj. 粗心的；反义词：careful， 意为“小心的”。The boy is very careless. 这个男孩很粗心。He is more careful than me. 他比我认真。10. advise v.“劝告；建议”n. advice, 是不可数名词.Give me some advice!advise doing sth. 建议做某事。advise sb.（not）to do sth. 建议某人（不）做某事I advise waiting till the righttime. 我建议等到适当的时候。I advise him not to sleep lateevery day. 我建议他不要每天睡懒觉。11. It’s best (not)to do sth. 最好（不）做某事It’s best to speak English everyday.12. run away from“ 从…逃离” “逃避”13. cut …in half “切成两半”【重点语法】if条件句if条件句：条件句用于陈述语气，表示假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是“如果”的意思，引导条件状语从句，if从句用一般现在时，主句则用一般将来时。（主将从现）构成if从句主句（主将从现）时态一般现在时：主+be(is/am/are)+其它（名/形）。主+V原+其它。主（三单）+V（三单）+其它。1.一般将来时：主语＋shall/will+V原2.主句是祈使句3.主句含有情态动词Can, may , must等词4.主句含有want, hope , wish 等表愿望的词例句If   I am an teacher,If   you come back,If  he comes，If   you can come,If   I have much moneyI  will be busy.call  me please.he  will take us to the zoo.please  let me know.I  may take a trip.注意：在与if条件句连用的主句中我们一般用will 表示将来时，而不用be going to 表示将来时。PS：在when（当…时候）, after, before 等引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句为一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时表示将来（主将从现）。如：I will call you when I reach Canada. 我一到加拿大就给你打电话。